输油船曲轴断裂原因分析

测定了输油船断裂曲轴的化学成分、显微组织与力学性能，观察了断口的宏观和微观形貌，并从使用寿命、几何结构、材料以及扭振减振效果等方面对曲轴产生断裂的原因进行了综合分析。结果表明，曲轴的断裂是球墨铸铁组织、强度与塑性的不均匀及曲轴扭振减振器的缺陷而引起的疲劳断裂。     

Analysis of failed nuclear plant components

Argonne National Laboratory has conducted analyses of failed components from nuclear power- gener-ating stations since 1974. The considerations involved in working with and analyzing radioactive compo-nents are reviewed here, and the decontamination of these components is discussed. Analyses of four failed components from nuclear plants are then described to illustrate the kinds of failures seen in serv-ice. The failures discussed are (1) intergranular stress- corrosion cracking of core spray injection piping in a boiling water reactor, (2) failure of canopy seal welds in adapter tube assemblies in the control rod drive head of a pressurized water reactor, (3) thermal fatigue of a recirculation pump shaft in a boiling water reactor, and (4) failure of pump seal wear rings by nickel leaching in a boiling water reactor. Work supported by Commonwealth Edison Company under ACK 85026.     

C90油管钢的氢损伤

对比研究了三种油管钢（宝钢的Ｃ９０和日本的ＳＭ９０及ＳＭ９５）的氢致开裂性能．ＳＭ９０，ＳＭ９５和Ｃ９０产生氢损伤的临界扩散氢质量分数（×１０~（－６））分别为１．７６，４．３和８．３８；临界全氢质量分数（×１０~（－６））分别为４．２４，６．３５和１０．２２三种钢在Ｈ_２Ｓ中的门槛应力σ_（ｔｈ）／σ_ｓ分别为０．６４，０．８０和０．８５．三种油管钢抗氢损伤能力和抗氢致滞后断裂的能力是一致的，以Ｃ９０为最好，它和氢的扩散系数无关．Ｃ９０钢缺口试样氢致滞后断裂门槛值Ｋ_（ＩＨ）与可扩散的氢质量分数ｗ_０有关，实验获得Ｋ_（ＩＨ）＝４６－１２．５１ｌｎ_（ｗ０）．理论分析和实验结果完全一致．对Ｃ９０钢，当ｗ_０≤４．８×１０－６时，在任何Ｋ_Ｉ／Ｋ_Ｃ下均将获得韧窝断口；ｗ_０≥７．６×１０~（－６），Ｋ_Ｉ／Ｋ_Ｃ≥０．５时，则氢致韧断；Ｋ_Ｉ／Ｋ_Ｃ≤０．４时，则氢致脆断．     

中厚板轧机工作辊失效分析及对策

介绍了济钢中厚板厂使用国外高镍铬和高铬工作辊的主要失效形式 ,并对该工作辊的断裂和裂纹产生原因进行了分析 ,同时针对所存在的问题提出了对策和具体改进措施。     

TRIZ理论与KANO模型的集成研究

在简单介绍TRIZ理论和KANO模型的基础上，建立了TRLZ理论与KANO模型的集成模型，给出了集成后的工作流程。讨论了基本质量与预期失效分析、工作质量与经典TRLZ工具、兴趣质量与直接进化理论之间的相互关系，以及三种工具与三种类型的质量进行集成的具体方法。     

RM-2热作模具钢淬火开裂原因分析

在制造热挤压模具的过程中,所用的模具钢RM-2在淬火过程中发生了淬火开裂.采用光学显微镜、成分分析和硬度测试等方法对淬裂的模具钢进行了检测与分析,对该模具钢的开裂原因进行了探讨.结果表明,热处理不当造成的模具表层产生粗大铁素体和低碳马氏体是导致其淬火开裂的主要原因;碳化物及氧化物夹杂的存在为裂纹扩展提供了有效路径.因此,RM-2模具钢在工业炉中进行淬火时要采取适当的保护措施,严格控制淬火工艺.     

高强度低合金铌钒钢板的失效分析

针对高强度低合金铌钒钢板在拉伸试验后出现分层开裂的现象,采用SEM、EDAX进行微观分析,发现试样内部有大量夹杂物存在,这些夹杂物主要含有钙、氧、硫、锰等元素。带有缺陷的钢板若应用到实际工程中,会影响铁塔的寿命。     

Wear failure of a leaded bronze bearing: Correlation between plant experience and laboratory wear test data

This paper describes an investigation on the failure of a large leaded bronze bearing that supports a nine-ton roller of a plastic calendering machine. At the end of the normal service life of a good bearing, which lasted for seven years, a new bearing was installed. However the new one failed catastrophically within a few days, generating a huge amount of metallic wear debris and causing pitting on the surface of the cast iron roller. Following the failure, samples were collected from both good and failed bearings. The samples were analyzed chemically and their microstructures examined. Both samples were subjected to accelerated wear tests in a laboratory type pin-on-disk apparatus. During the tests, the bearing materials acted as pins, which were pressed against a rotating cast iron disk. The wear behaviors of both bearing materials were studied using weight loss measurement. The worn surfaces of samples and the wear debris were examined by light optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive x-ray microanalyzer. It was found that the laboratory pin-on-disk wear data correlated well with the plant experience. It is suggested that the higher lead content (∼18%) of the good bearing compared with 7% lead of the failed bearing helped to establish a protective transfer layer on the worn surface. This transfer layer reduced metal-to-metal contact between the bearing and the roller and resulted in a lower wear rate. The lower lead content of the failed bearing does not allow the establishment of a well-protected transfer layer and leads to rapid wear.     

热采注汽管线的腐蚀与安全性分析

对两段注汽管材料进行了宏观检察、化学成分、壁厚 与管径测量、光学金相组织、常温机械性能、断口扫描电镜、能谱元素等试验分析.结果表明，注汽管材料的局部腐蚀主要是氧化-氯化腐蚀.强度校核表明，两段注汽管目前的壁厚已不能满足内压P=172 MPa、温度T=354℃的使用条件.     

高强度螺栓断裂原因分析

对断裂的高强度螺栓进行了成分、性能及微观形貌结构等分析。结果表明，螺栓断裂为疲劳断裂及氢脆和应力腐蚀断裂．氢脆主要发生于裂纹形成初期。