Effects of static axial strain on the tensile properties and failure mechanisms of self-assembled collagen fibers

Collagen fibers form the structural units of connective tissue throughout the body, transmitting force, maintaining shape, and providing a scaffold for cells. Our laboratory has studied collagen self-assembly since the 1970s. In this study, collagen fibers were self-assembled from molecular collagen solutions and then stretched to enhance alignment. Fibers were tested in uniaxial tension to study the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms. Results reported suggest that axial orientation of collagen fibrils can be achieved by stretching uncrosslinked collagen fibers. Stretching by about 30% not only results in decreased diameter and increased tensile strength but also leads to unusual failure mechanisms that inhibit crack propagation across the fiber. It is proposed that stretching serves to generate oriented fibrillar substructure in self-assembled collagen fibers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1429–1440, 1997     

Detonation Failure Characterization of Homemade Explosives

Typically characterizing home made explosives (HMEs) requires many large scale experiments, which is prohibitive given the large number of materials in use. A small scale experiment was developed to characterize HMEs such as ammonium nitrate‐fuel oil mixtures. A microwave interferometer is applied to small scale confined transient experiments, yielding time resolved characterization of a failing detonation that is initiated with an ideal explosive booster charge. Experiments were performed with ammonium nitrate and two fuel compositions (diesel fuel and mineral oil). It was observed that the failure dynamics were influenced by factors such as the chemical composition, confiner thickness, and applied shock wave strength. Thin steel walled confiners with 0.71 mm wall thickness experienced detonation failure and decoupling of the shock wave from the reaction zone. Confiners with a wall thickness of 34.9 mm showed a decrease in propagation speed and a steady reactive wave was achieved. Varying the applied shock strength by using an attenuator showed corresponding changes in the initial overdriven reactive wave velocity in the HMEs. The distance to detonation failure was also shown to depend on the attenuator length when thin wall confinement was used. This experimental method is shown to be repeatable and can be performed with little required material (about 2 g). The data obtained could be useful to model development and validation, as well as quantifying detonability of materials.     

Experimental study on bond behavior between corrosion-cracked reinforced concrete and CFRP sheets

Bond behavior between corrosion damaged reinforced concrete and carbon fiber reinforced concrete polymer (CFRP) sheets was experimentally investigated. Forty ordinary strength concrete blocks (150 × 150 × 200 mm) were reinforced at one side across the 200-mm-dimension using three conventional ?12 mm steel bars at a spacing of (30, 40, and 50 mm) at a concrete clear cover of 15 mm. Thirty blocks were subjected to a cyclic treatment in 3% chloride solution until corrosion initiated and resulted in three different global cracking widths of up to 0.90 mm. Both control and corrosion damaged blocks were attached to CFRP sheets over their steel reinforced zone at bond lengths and widths ranging from (90 to 150 mm) and (50 to 150 mm), respectively, with CFRP bond length-to-bar spacing ratio kept constant at 1/3. Near-end pull-off tests were carried out using a special setup, mounted on a Universal Testing machine. Corrosion cracking caused significant reductions in bond strength, and slippage at ultimate stress at (41 and 68%), respectively. Other bond characteristics such as stress at first slippage, and bond stiffness and toughness were reduced, as well, by as high as (83, 44 and 67%) of those of control specimens, respectively. Corrosion cracks were more detrimental for smaller bond length and width values; especially after first and second corrosion stages, where bond failure was categorized by concrete skin peeling-off.     

Influence of Fabrication Residual Thermal Stresses on Rubber-toughened Adhesive Tubular Single Lap Steel-Steel Joints under Tensile Load

The tensile load bearing capability of adhesively-bonded tubular single lap joints which is calculated under the assumption of linear mechanical adhesive properties is usually much less than the experimentally-determined because the majority of the load transfer of adhesively-bonded joints is accomplished by the nonlinear behavior of rubber-toughened epoxy adhesives. Also, as the adhesive thickness increases, the calculated tensile load bearing capability with the linear mechanical adhesive properties increases, while, on the contrary, the experimentally-determined tensile load bearing capability decreases.

In this paper, the stress analysis of adhesively-bonded tubular single lap steel-steel joints under tensile load was performed taking into account the nonlinear mechanical properties and fabrication residual thermal stresses of the adhesive. The nonlinear tensile properties of the adhesive were approximated by an exponential equation which was represented by the initial tensile modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the adhesive.

Using the results of stress analysis, the failure criterion for the adhesively-bonded tubular single lap steel-steel joints under tensile load was developed, which can be used to predict the load-bearing capability of the joint. From the failure criterion, it was found that the fracture of the adhesively-bonded joint was much influenced by the fabrication residual thermal stresses.     

外压轴向型补偿器失效原因分析

蒸汽埋地管线的外压轴向型补偿器保温材料使用含Cl~-较高的材料,在施工过程及使用后外保护管破坏而使得富含Cl~-的溶液在波纹管内表面聚集并浓缩,构成了奥氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀的介质环境。波纹管压制成形,不锈钢受大弯曲变形构件内残余形变应力,该残余应力与工作载荷作业下波纹管产生轴向位移而引起的应力叠加,应力水平提高,应力腐蚀几率及速率加速。通过采用抗晶间腐蚀及应力腐蚀能力较强的SA240-316L,波纹管制造完毕后进行固溶热处理,并采用Cl~-含量低的材料作为保温材料等措施,取得了良好的效果。     

神经网络应用于电力变压器故障诊断

将电力变压器油气分析法作为检测数据来源，利用神经网络这一强有力的故障诊断工具，有效地诊断电力变压内部故障。仿真结果表明，用神经网络诊断变压器故障具有更加优秀的性能。文中，作者采用的ＢＰ网络模型及算法，并对网络训练过程中一些技巧问题进行了讨论。     

考虑有限理性的电力系统连锁故障多阶段动态博弈防御模型

为了防御由连锁故障引发的大停电事故,提出一种考虑参与人有限理性的连锁故障多阶段动态博弈防御模型。基于故障方的有限理性假设和故障方行动的关联性假设,综合考虑元件自身故障、外界环境、潮流转移和隐性故障等因素对元件停运概率的影响,提出基于实时运行条件的元件停运概率表征有限理性的故障方不完美的选择能力;根据可掌握的事故状态信息,提出潮流转移严重度和系统失负荷严重度表征故障方追求自身利益的意识;基于风险分析方法,生成故障方的策略集合。从风险理论的角度出发,将运行风险作为收益函数,用于定量评估防御方行动的有效性。以IEEE 39节点系统为例,验证了所提模型的合理性。     

提高直流输电换相能力的强迫换相拓扑结构研究

针对传统高压直流输电逆变侧易发生换相失败的问题,提出了一种新型强迫换相桥路拓扑,该拓扑的阀臂采用了两组串联晶闸管通过电容器并联结构.基于该拓扑结构,给出了3种工作状态及相互切换模式,设计了电容电压控制策略,并通过理论计算得到了电容预充电压的最优值.最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真环境下搭建了所提出的新型桥路模型,进行正常及故障情况下的仿真,验证了电容电压控制策略的正确性,且与传统HVDC相比,新桥路能防御交流系统大部分单相故障,对三相故障也有很好的防御效果,有效地降低了换相失败发生的概率.所提出的拓扑结构可以有效提高HVDC对换相失败的抵御能力,改善系统的故障恢复特性.     

继电保护装置时变失效率估算及其区域性差异分析

相比恒定失效率,时变失效率在可靠性评估的准确度方面具有优势。文中针对电网继电保护装置失效特性,在区分偶然失效和老化失效的基础上,利用指数分布函数拟合估算继电保护装置的常值偶然失效率,利用Weibull、正态等分布函数拟合,估算时变的老化失效率,并利用可决系数比较拟合的优劣。基于区域电网继电保护装置现场失效情况形成数据,获得了该电网保护装置的时变失效率。仿真表明,实际电网的老化失效数据符合Weibull分布。针对该电网地理特点,分析了环境、区域因素对保护装置失效率的影响,结果表明该区域电网保护装置恒定失效率基本一致,老化失效率与自然气候相关。     

材料损伤累积在网壳强震失效研究中的应用

为在网壳结构强震分析中考虑材料损伤累积及裂纹效应的影响,编制了通用有限元软件ABAQUS的用户材料子程序,通过标准子程序验证表明具有较高的计算精度.应用该程序对网壳结构在地震下的典型算例进行了对比分析,表明子程序具有较好的收敛性能,实现了考虑钢材损伤累积的有限元分析方法.应用该程序,并结合基于响应的动力全过程分析方法,对网壳结构在强震下的响应进行了参数研究,考察了结构失效时刻的特征响应.通过是否考虑材料损伤累积的对比表明,考虑这个因素对失效时刻的塑性发展影响不大,但可能明显降低结构的失效极限荷载,需要在分析中予以重视.