微波协同高压热水浸提法提取香菇多糖的研究

研究了香菇多糖的几种提取方法,结果表明,采用微波协同高压热水浸提法可明显提高多糖的得率;探讨了采用此法从香菇中提取活性多糖的最佳条件。通过单因素试验,分析了料液比、微波功率和微波辐射时间对香菇多糖提取率的影响,并以香菇多糖提取率为评价指标,优化提取工艺。试验结果表明,微波协同高压热水浸提法提取香菇多糖的最佳条件为:料液比为1∶50(g/mL)、微波功率为800 W、微波辐射时间为8min。在此条件下,香菇多糖的提取率为13.6%。     

鸭深1井钻井液技术

鸭深1井是大庆油田在青海省柴北缘区块布置的第一口重点探井,完钻井深为4950.00m。该井上部地层疏松,承压能力弱,部分井段有破碎带,易发生井漏,狮子沟组至上油砂山组上部地层中,泥岩水化分散性强,易出现缩径、井壁坍塌;下部地层温度和地层压力系数高,抗温和维持井壁稳定是关键。全井存在多层高压盐水层,易发生井漏、井涌、井塌等事故。针对鸭深1井地质特点,通过室内实验研究确定,上部地层采用阳离子聚合物钻井液;钻至下部地层将钻井液转化为阳离子聚磺钻井液,提高钻井液的抗温性和稳定性。现场应用表明,该钻井液体系在高密度条件下具有较强的抑制性、防塌性和较好抗盐抗钙能力;减少了复杂事故的发生,保证了钻井施工的顺利进行。     

Influence of oil droplet size on the oxidative stability of the free and encapsulated fractions of freeze-dried microencapsulated sunflower oil

The effect of oil droplet size (ODS) on the oxidative stability (OS) of dried microencapsulated oils has been scarcely studied, and results are contradictory. A few studies have shown increased OS when the ODS was reduced and this was attributed to a decrease in the surface oil content (SOC). Yet, in such studies, only the total oil fraction was evaluated. In the present work, the free (FO) and encapsulated oil (EO) fractions of freeze-dried microencapsulated sunflower oil were analysed to study the effect of changes in the ODS by using different homogenisation pressure (15 or 70 MPa) in the emulsification step. The OS of both the free and encapsulated fractions increased when the ODS was significantly reduced in two samples with different encapsulation matrix, namely caseinate/lactose and maltodextrin/sucrose/gelatine. A reduction in the SOC would explain the increased stability of the FO, but not that of the EO. An additional protective role of the interfacial film could have been involved. In conclusion, if the encapsulation matrix and the interfacial region are effective as oxygen barriers, a reduction in the ODS of the parent emulsion by an increase in the homogenisation pressure will result in capsules more stable against lipid oxidation.     

加氢裂化装置高压换热流程火用损分析与改进

 以国内某加氢裂化装置为研究对象,在运用流程模拟软件PRO/II对加氢高压换热流程进行模拟计算的基础上,对其进行火用分析,借助能级-热量（ε-Q）图,找出换热过程瓶颈。分析结果表明,原有的换热流程循环氢与原料油的热量分配比例不合理,循环氢载热量达31.49 MW,占反应物总需热的61.3%,导致循环氢加热炉的出口温度高达442 ℃,与仅306℃的原料油混合造成混合火用损达1.304 MW。优化方案中通过调整高压换热网络物流换热次序,循环氢与原料油换热量分配的比例分别由原来的53.2%和46.8%调整至40.0%和60.0%,优化后的流程提高能量回收率,减少了加热炉负荷,传热火用损减少了0.061 MW,混合火用损则减少了1.229 MW。     

含快燃物ACP丁羟推进剂高压燃烧特性和常压火焰结构

为了研究水合-四-(4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑)高氯酸铜(ACP)对推进剂燃烧特性的影响,利用高压燃速测定系统研究了ACP对丁羟推进剂3～29 MPa压力范围内燃速的影响;收集推进剂在不同压力(3,10,20 MPa)下的燃烧产物,分析了ACP对燃烧产物化学组成的影响;采用显微高速摄像系统获取了推进剂的燃烧火焰和燃烧表面,对燃烧熄火表面及组分进行了研究。结果表明,在丁羟推进剂中添加ACP可大幅提高燃速,添加5%ACP可使推进剂29 MPa下的燃速提高84.8%,9～11 MPa为不稳定燃烧压力区。燃烧压力3 MPa的完全燃烧产物中活性铝含量为16.22%。推进剂在0.1 MPa燃烧时,存在粒径约100μm的粒子被燃烧气流从燃烧表面带入到气相区中分解燃烧的现象,熔铝粒子在燃烧表面无明显团聚。添加ACP使燃烧表面不规则程度增加。     

激光驱动飞片技术的研究进展

激光驱动飞片技术具有产生的飞片速度高、装置简单、成本低等传统动高压加载技术无法取代的优点。在飞片的激光驱动原理、靶材结构、激光驱动飞片的性能测试和表征,以及激光驱动飞片技术在高压物理学、空间科学、材料微成形技术和炸药快速起爆技术中的应用等方面的研究进展进行了评述,指出了未来激光驱动飞片技术的研究和应用的发展方向。     

Rheology of starch dispersions at high temperatures

In the food industry, many food products experience extreme processing conditions of high temperature and high shear stresses. The measurements of sample behavior for water-based formulations above 100°C is extremely challenging due to changes in material composition from the boiling of volatile ingredients. We have developed a high-sensitivity, pressurized starch pasting cell (up to 5 bar) which utilizes a design free of mechanical bearings and seals, resulting in an order-of-magnitude improvement in torque sensitivity (1 μN.m in oscillatory and 10 μN.m in shear flows) compared to traditional pressure cells. A pressurized atmosphere in the cell suppresses boiling of the volatile components, allowing the characterization of the structure–property relationships of the sample over a range of testing conditions (−5 to 150°C) which simulate industrial processing and storage conditions. This cell is employed to investigate the pasting properties of a commercial starch dispersed in water. In situ gelatinization of starch dispersions of varying starch particle weight fractions (ϕ) subjected to a high temperature (120°C) at elevated pressure and at a fixed shear rate is studied. A phase transition, from an initial flowable starch slurry to a paste, takes place during which the viscosity evolves by several orders of magnitude. Typical parameters associated with the viscosity evolution during gelatinization such as onset temperature, peak temperature, and peak viscosity are analyzed to probe the impact of high temperature on the gelation process and the rheological properties of the final starch paste. Furthermore, yield stresses of the final paste, measured at 120°C, are examined for varying ϕ through traditional rheological methods such as flow ramps, oscillatory shear, and stress growth, demonstrating the capabilities of this cell for studies of steady shear and nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of the starch pastes. The yield stress values are found to be in good agreement when comparing various testing methods. Yield stresses range from 0.25 to 6.5 Pa for ϕ between 0.05 and 0.15, with 0.05 being the minimum starch weight fraction for which there is any measurable yield stress. The yield stress and the paste viscosity both scale with starch particle weight fraction as (ϕ − ϕ_c) ^m, where ϕ_c = 0.04 as no yield stress is observed for ϕ ≤ 0.04. The exponent, m, for yield stress is found to be in the range of 1.15–1.4 depending on the analytical method used and the definition of yield stress while for peak and breakdown viscosities it is noted to be 1.6 and 1.1, respectively. The Herschel-Bulkley model is found to fit the flow curves well. The starch pastes are found to exhibit shear-thinning and significant thixotropic behavior.     

The Separation and Identification of Higher Molecular Weight Fullerenes

A nonaqueous, reversed-phase separation of the fullerenes is described. The bonded-phase, a polymeric octadecyl one, has previously been shown to have a very large separating power for nonplanar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This work shows that this shape selectivity also is found with the fullerenes, allowing very short retention times while maintaining separation of the C₆₀ and C₇₀ species. Additionally, a fraction containing larger fullerenes was isolated. UV absorbance spectra of these species were obtained. Preliminary spectra of hydrogen chemical ionization mass spectra were also obtained and showed that the fullerenes adsorb large amounts of molecular hydrogen.     

上扣扭矩对储气井疲劳性能的影响

采用有限元法对不同载荷工况下的储气井进行应力计算,得到了交变应力幅值的分布云图。通过分析储气井上最大交变应力幅值可能出现的位置,得到了上口扭矩(过盈圈数)对储气井疲劳性能的影响规律。研究认为:外露螺纹槽内或套管与管箍啮合的第一螺纹牙根部易发生疲劳失效;上扣扭矩对疲劳失效出现的位置影响较大,对最大交变应力幅值的变化影响较小;将过盈圈数控制在3圈之内,储气井不易出现疲劳失效现象。     

高压水射流管道清洗车应用分析

目前在我国各大中城市的管道清洗中,高压水射流清洗机或高压水射流清洗车被广泛使用,如何正确选用和使用好这种清洗车,具有很大的经济意义。这里对高压水射流管道清洗车的系统构成、作业流程和常见的技术问题进行了论述。