青藏高原东南部径流特征的空间规律及控制因子研究

采用青藏高原东南部的水文气象资料,对比分析了该地区23个(区间)流域的年径流深、集中度与集中期、基流系数、退水系数等径流特征及其空间分布规律,并进一步研究了这些径流特征的控制因子。结果表明:该地区径流特征的空间分布规律为年径流深从东南(700~1 300 mm)向西北(<400 mm)递减,而集中度则呈相反的空间格局(从<0.44增加到>0.59);退水系数及基流系数,在低海拔地区随高程增大而增大(分别为0.55~0.69、0.51~0.73),但在高海拔地区则随高程增大而减小(0.74~0.42、0.79~0.63)。本研究发现,青藏东南径流特征空间规律的控制因子,具有显著的区域分异:在低海拔流域(平均高程<3 000 m),降水是径流特征的主要影响因子;而在高海拔流域(平均高程>3 000 m),仅径流深和集中度受降水控制,其他特征则主要受温度、冻土、地形等条件的共同影响。可见,由于青藏高原东南部降水和冻土对气候变化敏感,该地区水资源时空分布格局将面临很大的不确定性,对此应予以充分重视。     

LID改造对城市内涝与面源污染的影响

为了探究低影响开发(LID)措施对城市雨水-径流-污染过程的改善效果,以广州市某区域为例,提出了4种LID改造措施(绿色屋顶、生物滞留池、透水铺装、3种LID组合),并构建了SWMM模型来模拟分析5种暴雨重现期下不同LID改造措施的水文水质效应。结果表明：单一LID改造措施下,暴雨重现期较大时透水铺装效果最好,该情景下洪峰削减率、峰现时间延迟和总流量削减率都达到了最大;3种LID组合对总流量削减率最高,为26-12%~34-40%;单一LID改造措施下,透水铺装对COD与NH3-N质量浓度峰值削减和峰现时间延迟效果最佳;3种LID组合对COD和NH3-N总量削减率最高,分别为50-51%~60-83%和53-16%~58-47%。LID改造措施对城市内涝、COD和NH3-N都有不同程度的减轻或削减,其中LID组合改造措施的效果最好。     

立轴冲击式水轮发电机组技术供水系统优化

水电站的技术供水系统要根据水电站的基本技术参数及设备要求的技术供水参数进行详细设计和论证,并结合电站所在区域的实际情况,使系统满足机组在各种工况下的正常安全稳定运行。主要阐述米角河一级水电站立轴冲击式水轮发电机组技术供水系统的优化设计,采用一次冷却供水和冷却水二次循环供水相结合的设计方案,避免供水水质变化时停机造成的经济损失,提高了供水系统的运行可靠性,减少了检修维护量,为电站"无人值班,少人值守"创造了必要条件。     

长江上游控制性水库群联合调度及水资源影响分析

针对长江上游控制性水库群联合调度问题,建立了大规模混联水库群联合优化调度模型,并提出离散微分动态规划(DDDP)和逐步优化算法(POA)相结合的混合方法,实现大规模混联梯级水库群联合优化调度问题的高效求解。在此基础上,结合流域长系列历史径流资料,进行了长江上游控制性梯级水库群调度模拟,分析了联合调度的发电效益;并在此基础上,结合相关研究成果,探究并分析了梯级水库群建成投运后,联合调度对流域水资源的影响。成果表明,梯级水库群的建成及联合调蓄对于长江中下游枯水期的流量补偿效益十分明显,供水、航运以及压咸补淡等综合效益十分显著。     

Performance of lot-level low impact development technologies under historical and climate change scenarios

Low impact development (LID) systems have potential to make urban cities more sustainable and resilient, particularly under challenging climate conditions. To quantify performance capabilities, modeling results for an array of combinations of LIDs are described using PCSWMM at lot-level to examine performance of individual LIDs on volume and peak flow reductions. Among the four LIDs studied: rain barrel (RB), vegetative swale (VS), bioretention cell (BC), and permeable pavement (PP), PP at lot-level demonstrated the best capability for reducing surface runoff volumes and peak runoff rates under historical weather conditions, while BC showed similar capability for reduction of runoff volumes but minimal peak flow reduction. With PP as the controlling method at lot-level, the maximum percentage reduction of runoff volume for a 2-year storm is 58% whereas for a 100-year storm, the runoff volume reduction is 20%. These results mean the extent of flooding that may arise from the 100-year storm is reduced, but not eliminated. Effectively, the 100-year storm volumes with LID are devolved to have flooding equivalent to a 25-year storm. Under climate change scenarios, performance for all LIDs declined at various levels, where BC was the most resilient LID for a climate change scenario, such that projected 2-year or 5-year storms with climate change will have its impact devolved with LID in place, to result in similar volumes and peaks without LID under historical conditions. Furthermore, even with an assembly of lot-level LIDs distributed throughout the community, there is not attenuation to substantial degrees of flooding for major events, but there can be effective control for water quantity for small (2- to 5-years in particular) storm events.     

Improvement of rainwater infiltration and storage capacity by an enhanced seepage well: From laboratory investigation to HYDRUS-2D numerical analysis

Seepage well is an emerging Low Impact Development (LID) technology that can effectively control the storm runoff. However, its rainwater infiltration rate and storage capacity still require further enhancement. By setting a horizontal infiltration structure at the bottom of conventional rainwater seepage well (CSW), an enhanced seepage well (ESW) was proposed in this study, and its infiltration performances compared with the permeable pavement (PP) and the CSW were systemically investigated using static infiltration experiment and HYDRUS-2D simulation. The results showed that the infiltration efficiency of ESW was significantly higher than that of PP and CSW, and the process of water infiltrated through soil mainly controlled the macroscopic infiltration rate. The Nash-Sutcliff Efficient (NSE) index was used to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the HYDRUS-2D model, and the results of NSE values greater than 0.75 (varied between 0.75 and 0.91) confirmed the applicability of HYDRUS-2D to describe correctly the hydraulic behavior of the ESW system. Simulation infiltration tests showed that the ESW performed a higher average infiltration rate and fewer total runoff volume than the CSW, indicating the effectively enhancement of the infiltration and water retention capacity of ESW, especially under heavy rainfall intensities. Additionally, the ESW system exhibited an excellent runoff-control and rainwater retention capacity in an actual rainfall scenario.     

典型LID措施对城市降雨径流过程影响

为探讨海绵城市建设中低影响开发(low impact development,LID)措施对城市降雨径流的影响,以深圳市光明区某居民小区为研究对象,通过建立区域SWMM模型,分析不同LID措施及其组合对城市雨洪过程的影响。利用研究区几场典型的降雨径流数据对模型校核验证,结果表明：构建的SWMM模型可以较好地模拟研究区降雨径流过程,纳什效率系数为0.868,峰值流量相对误差0.186,模型模拟效果较好;LID对径流峰值和总量都有削减作用,并在一定程度上延缓峰现时间,且LID布设面积越大,LID对径流的削减效果越明显;组合布设方案对径流的调控效果优于单独布设方案,单独布设方案中径流量削减效果最好的是透水铺装,峰值流量调控效果最好的是绿色屋顶,下沉式绿地的径流调控效果在三者中最差。因此,LID布设结构以及布设面积均对城市降雨径流产生影响,合理布设LID在一定程度上可以有效缓解城市内涝。     

某水库试验段区域地下水位动态特征与影响因素

研究某水库蓄水对区域地下水动态的影响,以期为水库后期建设以及区域水资源管理提供相关科学依据。通过建立水库试验段气象-地下水监测系统,运用M-K趋势分析法分析研究区地下水位动态特征,选用变异系数法分析地下水位的时空间变异特征,采用灰色关联度法揭示其主导影响因子。结果表明:水库试验段地下水位整体表现为上升趋势且具有明显的丰枯特征,升幅约为0.5～2.0m/a;试验段渗漏量与地下水位变化呈负相关关系,渗漏对地下水位的影响存在一定空间差异,即对东部地下水位的影响大于西部;西部地下水位的主导影响因子为降雨量,东部地下水位的主导影响因子为渗漏量和降雨量。     

气动锚杆钻机冲击频率测量仪的设计

针对气动锚杆钻机冲击频率不易测量的问题,提出了一种新型气动锚杆钻机冲击频率测量仪的设计方案。该测量仪采用压力传感器采集钻机冲击信号,采用电压比较器和单稳态触发器处理冲击信号并输入到单片机,由单片机计算出钻机冲击频率。实际应用表明,该测量仪可准确、方便地测量出钻机冲击频率。     

More on Goddard and the Kallikak family photographs.

Discusses retouching of the Kallikak family photographs in H. H. Goddard's (1912) study of mental retardation and heredity, with reference to analyses by R. E. Fancher (see record 1987-31600-001) and S. J. Gould (1981), and concurs with Fancher that the retouching was probably not done for deceitful purposes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)