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11.
Xueyuan ZhangWenle He Inger Odnevall Wallinder Jinshan PanChristofer Leygraf 《Corrosion Science》2002,44(9):2131-2151
Instantaneous corrosion rates of naturally patinated copper of varying age (16 months, 138 and 145 years) have been determined during continuous rain events in the laboratory with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a two-electrode cell. The two-electrode cell was found to yield the same information in bulk rainwater as a conventional three-electrode cell.Relatively constant corrosion rates, between 0.2 and 0.6 μm/y, were determined for samples having a two-layer structure with an inner brownish layer of cuprous oxide and an outer greenish layer of basic copper salts (138, 145 years). Samples with cuprous oxide as the dominating phase of the patina (16 months) showed higher and somewhat increasing corrosion rates during a rain event (from 0.6 to 1.2 μm/y). During a continuous rain event, corrosion rates were found to be approximately 10 (brownish patina) and 25 times (greenish patina) lower than corresponding instantaneous runoff rates. The first flush phenomena of the runoff process, with an increased concentration during first flush and a relatively constant concentration during steady state, was indirectly seen as an increase in solution conductivity during the first rain volume followed by relative constant value. The contribution of the concentration in the first flush to the total annual runoff rate was significant for panels having a greenish layer (138, 145 years) whereas it was negligible for panels having a brownish layer (16 months). 相似文献
12.
永进油田目的层产状平缓,断层不发育,储层厚度小、埋深大、描述困难。运用伪波阻抗技术对该区的储层进行了研究,取得了较好的效果。 相似文献
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How to Control Robots Interacting with Dynamic Environment 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Miomir Vukobratović 《Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems》1997,19(2):119-152
The goal of this paper is to shed light on the control problem of constrained robot motion from the aspect of the dynamical nature of the environment with which the robot is in contact. Therefore, the criticism of traditional hybrid control which allows position/force feedback loops to split into independent control with respect to position and force, is not the main point we want to make. Reference to the papers written by the founders of hybrid control and their numerous followers served only to better understand the reason and motivation for suggesting a different approach to control of robots interacting with environment.The paper has a predominantly review character, based on recently published work. It also contains some new, unpublished results in the framework of the unified approach to the position/force control of robots, proposed by the present author and his co-workers. By pointing to the possibility of introducing an environment dynamics in the contact tasks of the machining type, the author emphasizes that the proposed dynamically interactive control can be applied to a completely different class of tasks, in which a contact is made between the system (constructions or structure) and very specific kinds of dynamic environments. 相似文献
15.
In the absence of a bulk diffusion effect, it is shown for the first time that the impedance spectra for the chlorine evolution reaction on a rotating thin ring electrode comprise three consecutive semicircles in the capacitive half of the complex plane. The first (highest frequency) semicircle is due to the charge-transfer resistance for chloride discharge and the simultaneous chlorine adsorption coupled to the double-layer capacitance. The second semicircle (around 5 Hz) is due to the adsorption and desorption of a chlorine intermediate. The third (lowest frequency, around 0.5 Hz) semicircle is due to the relaxation of surface oxygen species. The impedance data allow the steps of the overall reaction to be examined individually. On a Pt surface the rate of chloride discharge and simultaneous chlorine adsorption (the admittance of the first semicircle) is first order with respect to chloride concentration and has a potential-dependence close to 58 mV/decade. The rate of the adsorption and desorption process (the admittance of the second semicircle) is second order with respect to chloride concentration, and has a potential dependence close to 30 mV/decade. The time constant for the adsorption/desorption processes is ca 20 ms, independent of electrode potential in the range studied. These features are consistent with a mechanism in which a faster discharge reaction (Cl− Clad + e) is followed by a slower surface combination reaction (2Clad → Cl2), but inconsistent with mechanisms in which ion + atom desorption is predominant, the initial chloride discharge is slow, or a unipositively charged chlorine species is involved. 相似文献
16.
叠后地震剖面的线性化波阻抗反演 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文提出了由井旁道出发逐道进行的叠后地震剖面的线性化波阻抗反演方法。每一道反演采用逐次线性化对波阻抗进行修正,反演的纵向分辨率为一个采样时间间隔,并以合成记录道与实际地震道的相似系数作为迭代收敛准则,已处理的地震道波阻抗作为下一道反演初始值。实际资料处理表明,该方法具有较高的分辨率和运算速度快的优点。 相似文献
17.
The long-term effects of the Cognitive Adaptation Theory Index (CATI) on psychological and physical health outcomes among men (n=199) and women (n=99) treated for coronary artery disease with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty were examined. The CATI reflects a positive view of the self, a positive view of one's future, and a sense of personal control over daily life. This index was created from questionnaires administered during hospitalization for the initial angioplasty. Four years later, the CATI predicted positive adjustment to disease, even when initial adjustment was taken into consideration. In addition, the CATI predicted a reduced likelihood of sustaining a subsequent cardiac event over 4 yrs. This association was more robust for men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
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非晶软磁合金的巨磁阻抗效应及应用 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
近来在FeCoSiB等Co基非晶体丝带中现了巨磁阻抗效应,由于在一小的直流纵向偏置场下该效应能使丝带两端的交流电压发生大而灵敏的变化,因而在磁记录头和传顺技术中具有巨大的应用科学潜能,受到各国学者的关注,本文简单介绍了巨磁阻抗效应的来源,并综述了近年来非晶体软磁合金材料的的巨磁阻抗效应及应用的研究进展,文章最后说明了尚待深入解决的问题。 相似文献
20.
The corrosion of low carbon steel in natural sea-water is characterized by the formation and growth of compact and thick layers composed of oxides, insoluble salts and organic materials. These layers are the result of corrosion processes induced by local environmental conditions, water oxygen supply; ionic species; bacteria and organic matter. The exchange of various species (ions, molecules, gas) between sea-water and the rust layers or the metal depends both on the kinetics of the Faradaic reactions of the entities with either the oxides or the metal, as well as on their transport properties through the different strata of the rust layers. In this work, an impedance study was carried out using the 4-electrodes cell arrangement with corrosion products picked up on steel sheet piling immersed for 25 years and analyzed as free standing membranes. This new approach is a good way to reach the specific transport and transfer properties of the oxide without being blurred by the metal influence. The physical model developed in this work was based on a transmission line, and accurately described the experimental diagrams. The electronic resistivity of the oxide layer, its porosity, the mean pore size and the reaction kinetics parameters could be determined from the fittings. 相似文献