Toward a relationship perspective on aggression among schoolchildren: Integrating social cognitive and interdependence theories.

The traditional psychological approach of studying aggression among schoolchildren in terms of individual differences in aggression and in victimization has been valuable in identifying prevalence rates, risk, and consequences of involvement in aggression. However, it is argued that a focus on aggressor–victim relationships is warranted based on both conceptual and empirical grounds. Such a shift in focus requires modification and integration of existing theories of aggression, and this paper integrates social-cognitive theory and interdependence theory to suggest a new, interdependent social-cognitive theory of aggression. Specifically, this paper identifies points of overlap and different foci between these theories, and it illustrates their integration through a proposed model of the emergence of aggressor–victim interactions and relationships. The paper concludes that expanding consideration to include aggressor–victim relationships among schoolchildren offers considerable theoretical, empirical, and intervention opportunities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Romantic partners' individual coping strategies and dyadic coping: Implications for relationship functioning.

Individual coping strategies and dyadic coping independently predict partner well-being and relationship functioning; however, it is unclear whether the coping processes are inter-related and whether they uniquely contribute to romantic relationship functioning. One hundred heterosexual dating couples rated the individual coping strategy of negative mood regulation as well as positive and negative dyadic coping. Relationship functioning was assessed via partners' reports of relationship satisfaction and observers' ratings of negative interaction in conflict. Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs; Cook & Kenny, 2005; Kashy & Kenny, 2000) revealed associations between individual coping and dyadic coping in the predicted directions. APIMs also indicated the unique contributions of positive and negative dyadic coping to relationship functioning, above and beyond contributions of individual coping strategies. Implications of dyadic coping as a target of efforts to prevent or treat partner and/or relational distress are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cultural variation: Considerations and implications.

Cultural systems vary widely across the world. Partly this is due to different cultures' occupying different ecological and environmental niches. But partly it is due to similar circumstances giving rise to multiple stable equilibriums, each with a distinct cultural form. Using insights and examples from various fields, this article illustrates the way that multiple equilibriums can emerge and the forces that push a culture toward one equilibrium point or another. Considerations of game theory principles, mutual interdependence, historical circumstance, dependence on initial conditions, and crucial choice points are highlighted in discussing the ways humans create and re-create their culture. Cultural traits develop within physical, social, intracultural, and intercultural niches, and implications of this for how culture might be studied and the benefits of combining an "equilibrium" perspective and a "meaning" perspective are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Modeling homophily over time with an actor-partner interdependence model.

Selection and socialization have been implicated in friendship homophily, but the relative contributions of each are difficult to measure simultaneously because of the nonindependent nature of the data. To address this problem, the authors applied a multiple-groups longitudinal actor-partner interdependence model (D. A. Kashy & D. A. Kenny, 2000) for distinguishable dyads to 3 consecutive years of intoxication frequency data from a large community-based sample of Swedish youth. Participants, ranging from 12 to 18 years old (M = 14.35, SD = 1.56) at the start of the study, included 902 adolescents (426 girls and 476 boys) with at least one reciprocated friend during at least one time point and 212 adolescents (84 girls and 128 boys) without reciprocated friends at any time. Similarity estimates indicated strong effects for selection and socialization in friends' intoxication frequency. Over time, younger members of these dyads had less stable patterns of intoxication than older members, largely because younger partners changed their drinking behavior to resemble that of older partners. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive interdependence and convergent expectations in transactive memory.

A laboratory experiment investigated the processes that underlie the development of transactive memory structures—the organizing schemes that connect knowledge held by individuals to knowledge held by others (D. A Wegner, T. Guiliano, & P. T. Hertel, 1985). The design was a 2?×?4 factorial that controlled expectations about the partner's knowledge (similar or different from the participant's) and cognitive interdependence, the degree to which participants' outcomes depended on whether they recalled the same or different information as their partner (defined by 4 incentives). Transactive memory was most differentiated when individuals had different expertise and incentives to remember different information and most integrated when individuals had similar expertise and incentives to remember the same information. These findings may help to explain the impact of previous experience and relationships on the development of transactive memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Competitive motives and strategies: Understanding constructive competition.

This study examines the impact of motives and strategies on the constructiveness of competition. Sixty-four managers and 28 employees from Mainland China organizations described specific incidents of competition, from which indices of constructive competition were developed. They then rated motives and strategies that were hypothesized to affect competition and its outcomes. These indices of constructive competitive were then correlated with the motives and strategies. The results indicated that internal motivation to compete and the strategy of competing fairly were found to be the most powerful influences on the constructiveness of competition. Task and ego motives, extrinsic motivation, the motive to prevent others from benefiting, and the strategy to obstruct the other had very little impact on constructive competition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

全球化背景下的各国经济相互依赖与博弈

当今的国际经济关系是一种互利、互惠的合作博弈关系.各国要实现自己的经济目标,就必须照顾它国的利益,以求实、合作的态度来处理问题.尽管在多国博弈中有可能形成一种动态的均衡,然而由于政策立场不同和实力不同,这种均衡很难达成一种共同发展的公平.入世已使中国更进一步融入国际游戏规则,应学会利用条款在博弈中取胜,充分维护我国自身的权益,努力获得最大的贸易优势.     

The organization and control of an evolving interdependent population

Starting with Darwin, biologists have asked how populations evolve from a low fitness state that is evolutionarily stable to a high fitness state that is not. Specifically of interest is the emergence of cooperation and multicellularity where the fitness of individuals often appears in conflict with that of the population. Theories of social evolution and evolutionary game theory have produced a number of fruitful results employing two-state two-body frameworks. In this study, we depart from this tradition and instead consider a multi-player, multi-state evolutionary game, in which the fitness of an agent is determined by its relationship to an arbitrary number of other agents. We show that populations organize themselves in one of four distinct phases of interdependence depending on one parameter, selection strength. Some of these phases involve the formation of specialized large-scale structures. We then describe how the evolution of independence can be manipulated through various external perturbations.     

统计指标离散化方法及应用

连续数据离散化能够提高数据挖掘算法的分类能力．文中提出一种基于统计指标的连续属性离散化方法,凭借相关系数衡量类与属性间的关联度,获取最优区间列表．引入变精度粗糙集模型,有效地控制数据由离散化导致的信息丢失．该方法在声纳传感器数据识别以及其它领域上进行了应用．实验结果表明,该方法在J48决策树上有很好的分类能力．     

Self-construal moderates age differences in social network characteristics.

In this study, the authors examined age differences in social network characteristics (SNC) among Hong Kong Chinese. The sample consisted of 596 Chinese adults, ranging from 18 to 91 years old. Age was positively associated with close social partners and negatively associated with peripheral social partners. For individuals who were more likely to define the self as interconnected with others (i.e., interdependent self-construal), increasing age was associated with a greater number of close social partners. The negative association between age and the number of peripheral social partners, well-documented in the Western literature, was found only among Chinese adults with lower interdependence but not among those with higher interdependence. These findings highlight the importance of examining the underlying mechanism rather than a particular pattern of SNC across cultures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)