交易特征、组织间控制机制与知识共享的关系:来自全过程工程咨询服务的数据

全过程工程咨询服务中业主与咨询方知识共享是影响双方合作效率的关键因素,关注根据交易特征有效地设计组织间控制机制以提升双方知识共享水平。基于交易成本理论,结合全过程工程咨询服务情景,选取交易特征中任务相互依赖和质量绩效模糊作为选择组织间控制机制的影响因素,采用结构方程模型的研究方法探究“交易特征-组织间控制机制-知识共享”的因果关系链。研究结果表明:合同控制和信任控制在交易特征与知识共享之间均发挥着中介作用;合同控制对知识共享产生负向影响,而信任控制则起到促进作用;信任控制负向调节合同控制与知识共享的关系。     

基于城村矛盾对立互倚性的城中村解读

文章运用城市-村庄矛盾对立互倚分析框架,从城市-村庄矛盾运动的角度,梳理了1990年代中以来的城中村研究成果,考察城中村发展过程中蕴含的城乡关系运动,希望能为处在大城市周边的村庄的未来发展提供一些借鉴。     

The organization and control of an evolving interdependent population

Starting with Darwin, biologists have asked how populations evolve from a low fitness state that is evolutionarily stable to a high fitness state that is not. Specifically of interest is the emergence of cooperation and multicellularity where the fitness of individuals often appears in conflict with that of the population. Theories of social evolution and evolutionary game theory have produced a number of fruitful results employing two-state two-body frameworks. In this study, we depart from this tradition and instead consider a multi-player, multi-state evolutionary game, in which the fitness of an agent is determined by its relationship to an arbitrary number of other agents. We show that populations organize themselves in one of four distinct phases of interdependence depending on one parameter, selection strength. Some of these phases involve the formation of specialized large-scale structures. We then describe how the evolution of independence can be manipulated through various external perturbations.     

内外部支持与ITSM成功实施——任务复杂性和互依性的调节作用

基于任务复杂性和互依性的视角,探讨了内部支持和外部支持对ITSM成功实施的作用机制.通过问卷方式对201名利益相关者进行调查,并采用层级回归分析的方法检验相关假设.结果表明:内部支持和外部支持均对ITSM成功实施产生正面影响,但外部支持对ITSM成功实施的影响大于内部支持对ITSM成功实施的影响;任务复杂性负向调节内部支持与ITSM成功实施之间的关系,同时也负向调节外部支持与ITSM成功实施之间的关系;任务互依性正向调节内部支持与ITSM成功实施之间的关系,同时也正向调节外部支持与ITSM成功实施之间的关系.     

High-maintenance interaction: Inefficient social coordination impairs self-regulation.

Tasks requiring interpersonal coordination permeate all spheres of life. Although social coordination is sometimes efficient and effortless (low maintenance), at other times it is inefficient and effortful (high maintenance). Across 5 studies, participants experienced either a high- or a low-maintenance interaction with a confederate before engaging in an individual-level task requiring self-regulation. Self-regulation was operationalized with measures of (a) preferences for a challenging task with high reward potential over an easy task with low reward potential (Study 1) and (b) task performance (anagram performance in Study 1, Graduate Record Exam performance in Studies 2 and 3, physical stamina in Study 4, and fine motor control in Study 5). Results uniformly supported the hypothesis that experiencing high-maintenance interaction impairs one's self-regulatory success on subsequent, unrelated tasks. These effects were not mediated through participants' conscious processes and emerged even with a nonconscious manipulation of high-maintenance interaction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Life task appraisals, spouse involvement in strategies, and daily affect among short- and long-term married couples.

The purpose of this study was to examine predictors and consequences of spouses' involvement in each others' strategies for pursuing important personal goals called life tasks. Husbands and wives within 39 short- and long-term marriages described five life tasks and provided appraisals of whether each was shared with their spouse. Participants later completed 14 consecutive diary entries recording daily life task pursuit strategies, the extent of spouse involvement in each, and measures of positive and negative affect. Results indicated that interdependence in life task appraisals prospectively predicted greater spouse involvement, and greater spouse involvement was associated with more positive affect for that day. Life task appraisals may provide avenues for understanding couples' strategies for dealing with goals or stressors and how those strategies affect mood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward a relationship perspective on aggression among schoolchildren: Integrating social cognitive and interdependence theories.

The traditional psychological approach of studying aggression among schoolchildren in terms of individual differences in aggression and in victimization has been valuable in identifying prevalence rates, risk, and consequences of involvement in aggression. However, it is argued that a focus on aggressor–victim relationships is warranted based on both conceptual and empirical grounds. Such a shift in focus requires modification and integration of existing theories of aggression, and this paper integrates social-cognitive theory and interdependence theory to suggest a new, interdependent social-cognitive theory of aggression. Specifically, this paper identifies points of overlap and different foci between these theories, and it illustrates their integration through a proposed model of the emergence of aggressor–victim interactions and relationships. The paper concludes that expanding consideration to include aggressor–victim relationships among schoolchildren offers considerable theoretical, empirical, and intervention opportunities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Romantic partners' individual coping strategies and dyadic coping: Implications for relationship functioning.

Individual coping strategies and dyadic coping independently predict partner well-being and relationship functioning; however, it is unclear whether the coping processes are inter-related and whether they uniquely contribute to romantic relationship functioning. One hundred heterosexual dating couples rated the individual coping strategy of negative mood regulation as well as positive and negative dyadic coping. Relationship functioning was assessed via partners' reports of relationship satisfaction and observers' ratings of negative interaction in conflict. Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs; Cook & Kenny, 2005; Kashy & Kenny, 2000) revealed associations between individual coping and dyadic coping in the predicted directions. APIMs also indicated the unique contributions of positive and negative dyadic coping to relationship functioning, above and beyond contributions of individual coping strategies. Implications of dyadic coping as a target of efforts to prevent or treat partner and/or relational distress are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ethos of independence across regions in the United States: The production-adoption model of cultural change.

Contemporary U.S. culture has a highly individualistic ethos. Nevertheless, exactly how this ethos was historically fostered remains unanalyzed. A new model of dynamic cultural change maintains that sparsely populated, novel environments that impose major threats to survival, such as the Western frontier in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries, breed strong values of independence, which in turn guide the production of new practices that encourage self-promotion and focused, competitive work. Faced with few significant threats to survival, residents in traditional areas are likely to seek social prestige by adopting existing practices of other, higher status groups. Because of both the massive economic success of the frontier and the official endorsement of the frontier by the federal government, eastern residents of the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries may have actively adopted the frontier practices of independence, thus incorporating the frontier ethos of independence to form the contemporary U.S. national culture. Available evidence is reviewed, and implications for further research on cultural change are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitude alignment in close relationships.

On the basis of principles of balance theory and interdependence theory, this research examined a phenomenon termed attitude alignment, or the tendency of interacting partners to modify their attitudes in such a manner as to achieve altitudinal congruence. The results of three experiments generally were consistent with the proposed model. First, tendencies toward attitude alignment were greater to the extent that attitudinal discrepancies were salient. Second, alignment tendencies were greater to the extent that an issue was central to the partner; there was also evidence that the degree to which an issue was peripheral to the self affected alignment processes (e.g., for changes in centrality of issue, with regard to persuasion methods). Third, degree of alignment tended to be greater in dating-partner interactions than in stranger interactions and tended to be greater among couples with high adjustment than among those with low adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)