Dependent Effect Sizes in Meta-Analysis: Incorporating the Degree of Interdependence.

In the present article, a commonly used meta-analytic procedure for handling dependent effect sizes from a single sample was examined, and 2 revised procedures that estimate and incorporate the degree of interdependence were proposed. The authors' simulation results reveal that the commonly used procedure that averages the effect sizes from a single sample (denoted as the samplewise procedure) underestimates the degree of heterogeneity. The proposed variations are less biased than the samplewise procedure in estimating the degree of heterogeneity in most of the situations that we examined. Future directions to further improve the procedures for handling dependent effect sizes from a single sample are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

地震灾害下城市双层关联生命线网络易损性

以双层关联生命线网络为对象,建立生命线网络性能概率易损性仿真模型和关联单元震害和级联失效联合概率方法,形成地震灾害下双层关联生命线网络易损性研究框架,开展地震灾害下城市双层关联生命线网络性能的概率易损性分析. 在以华东某市电力和燃气关联网络为例的案例研究中,依据研究框架构建仿真流程,得到场景地震下双层关联生命线网络性能的概率易损性曲线. 结果显示,场景地震下,案例电力网络发生中度性能损失的概率较大,燃气网络发生重度性能损失的概率较大,燃气网络性能重度损失的概率随着关联强度的增强而明显增大. 电力网络和燃气网络均在单元抗震和网络布局上存在薄弱点,是2个网络发生性能损失的重要原因,应在后续规划中改进.     

The City is not a Building

This paper examines the need for a return to a systemic,holistic,and normative approach to designing human settlements that has been neglected with the decline of the Welfare State and the shift to iecemeal,freewheeling,marked-based development during the unprecedented explosion of construction in the last thirty years.The need for a change is brought about by the current ecological and economic crises linked to a high degree to the current belief that the quality of cities emerges from the added-value of individual buildings or through the assemblage of individual structures put together like a building.This paper argues that a city is not like a building.The contemporary city is characterized by an unprecedented number of problems.These problems cannot be handled by individual good will or simple preventive or corrective actions by architects and developers as it has been done the last three decades.What is needed is an overall systemic framework of planning that ① is driven by normative criteria,② can handle a high degree of complexity and interdependence of factors,and ③ can deal with unanticipated,unintended,long-term irreversible environmental impacts that characterize the "third ecology," the inseparable complex of the natural and the human-made.     

Elastoplastic Fracture Behavior of Structural Adhesives Under Monotonic Loading

Elastic-plastic fracture behavior of a structural adhesive in the bulk and bonded forms is discussed. The model adhesive chosen, Metlbond 1113 (with scrim carrier cloth) and 1113-2 (neat resin) solid film adhesives exhibit a relatively brittle material behavior to justify the use of LEFM methods.

The solid film adhesives are first cast in the form of tensile coupons to determine the bulk fracture properties with the use of single-edge-cracked specimen geometry. K_Ic evaluation is done using the procedure suggested by the ASTM standard. A K-calibration method based on application of boundary collocation procedure to the William's stress function is utilized to relate the measured critical loads to the K_Ic values. The yield stresses and elastic moduli values in the bulk tensile mode are also evaluated. The availability of K_Ic à _y E and v (Poisson's ratio) values makes the calculation of crack tip plastic zone radii (r_yc ) and fracture energy (G_Ic ) values possible on the basis of Irwin's theory. The bulk casting procedure is done under different cure (temperature, time and cool-down) conditions to determine optimum properties.

The fracture behavior of the same adhesives in the bonded form is studied with the use of Independently Loaded Mixed Mode Specimen (ILMMS) geometry. This specimen allows independent measurement of P_I and P_II (and consequently G_I and G_II ) values. Since the fracture energy values are affected by the thickness of the adherend and the bondline, an experimental program is executed first by varying these geometrical parameters to determine the plane strain conditions. The relationship between the bondline thickness and the crack tip plastic zone radius values calculated earlier is also studied. Expressions developed on the basis of LEFM assumptions are utilized to calculate G_Ic and G_IIC values in the bonded form. The G_IC values obtained in this manner are compared to the bulk G_IC values obtained earlier.

With the availability of P_I and P_II (G_I and G_II ) values that result in failure in the bonded form, the fracture condition (i.e. the fracture failure criterion) in mixed mode (modes I and II) loading is determined for adhesively bonded joints. The use of both 1113 and 1113-2 adhesives also reveals the effects of the carrier cloth on the mechanical phenomena cited above.     

Does a helping hand mean a heavy heart? Helping behavior and well-being among spouse caregivers.

Being a caregiver for an ill or disabled loved one is widely recognized as a threat to the caregiver’s quality of life. Nonetheless, research indicates that helping behavior, broadly construed, promotes well-being. Could helping behavior in a caregiving context promote well-being as well? In the present study, we used ecological momentary assessment to measure active helping behavior and both positive and negative affect in 73 spouse caregivers. Results indicate that when controlling for care recipient illness status and functional impairment and caregiver “on call” caregiving time, active helping predicted greater caregiver positive affect—especially for individuals who perceived themselves as interdependent with their spouse. In addition, although both helping and on-call time predicted greater negative affect for caregivers who perceived low interdependence, helping was unrelated to negative affect among caregivers perceiving high interdependence. Helping valued loved ones may promote caregivers’ well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The crossover of daily work engagement: Test of an actor–partner interdependence model.

This study of 62 dyads of employees (N = 124) examined the crossover of work engagement—a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption. We hypothesized that work engagement crosses over from an employee (the actor) to his or her colleague (the partner) on a daily basis. The frequency of daily communication was expected to moderate the crossover of daily work engagement, which in turn would relate to colleagues’ daily performance. Participants first filled in a general questionnaire and then completed a diary study over 5 consecutive workdays. The hypotheses were tested with multilevel analyses, using an actor–partner interdependence model. Results confirmed the crossover of daily work engagement, but only on days when employees within a dyad interacted more frequently than usual. Moreover, we found that actor’s work engagement (particularly vigor), when frequently communicated, had a positive indirect relationship with partner’s performance through partner’s work engagement. Finally, results showed that actor’s vigor was negatively related to partner’s performance when communication was low. However, this negative effect was counteracted when mediated by the vigor of the partner. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

So close, and yet so far: Does collectivism foster transparency overestimation?

The present research demonstrated that horizontal collectivism (HC), the tendency to emphasize social bonds and interdependence, is associated with overestimating the extent to which one's preferences, feelings, and behavioral inclinations are transparent to close others. The link between HC and felt transparency was mediated by self-other merging but was not significantly mediated by perceived similarity, behavioral closeness, or metaperception positivity. Evidence of a causal connection was obtained in an experiment where individuals for whom interdependence was primed exhibited greater transparency overestimation than did those for whom it was not. Additional results indicated that higher HC is associated with greater confidence but not greater accuracy in judgments about a friend. The authors argue that other perspective-taking deficits involving overuse of the self in judgments of others should also be exacerbated by the self-other merging that is associated with HC. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

HDD: a hypercube division-based algorithm for discretisation

Discretisation, as one of the basic data preparation techniques, has played an important role in data mining. This article introduces a new hypercube division-based (HDD) algorithm for supervised discretisation. The algorithm considers the distribution of both class and continuous attributes and the underlying correlation structure in the data set. It tries to find a minimal set of cut points, which divides the continuous attribute space into a finite number of hypercubes, and the objects within each hypercube belong to the same decision class. Finally, tests are performed on seven mix-mode data sets, and the C5.0 algorithm is used to generate classification rules from the discretised data. Compared with the other three well-known discretisation algorithms, the HDD algorithm can generate a better discretisation scheme, which improves the accuracy of classification and reduces the number of classification rules.     

一种连续属性值域划分的离散化新方法*

提出一种连续属性值域划分的离散化新方法,该方法定义一个新的离散化函数,依据类与属性之间的相互依赖关系选择最优的离散区间列表;此外,采用变精度粗糙集理论合理地控制数据离散化产生的信息丢失,减少分类错误。仿真结果和统计分析表明,提出的方法有较好的C5.0决策树分类能力。     

Globalized Science. The 1970s Futures Field

In the 1970s, the futures field became globalized. This paper shows how perceptions of globality shaped interdisciplinary approaches towards forecasting, planning and thinking about the future. Futures studies were reconceptualized, shifting its perspective from a West‐East, technology‐driven slant towards a global and human‐centred one around 1970. The perceptions and conceptions of globality came out of notions of global interdependence, which emerged from three root sources. The first was the epistemic context of cybernetics and systems analysis, which had shaped the 1950s and 1960s futures studies and had led researchers to aspirations of being able to model the world system. The second, affecting significant sections of the field, was the web of new ecological ideas and their focus on interrelations within the global ecosystem. Third, futures studies took up dependency theories, responding to the rising voice of the global South and new ideas of a New International Economic Order. The futures field was not only influenced by 1970s events, it itself contributed to cultural and social change by enhancing the crisis perceptions and environmentalism of the early years of the decade and by stimulating notions of ‘One World’ solidarity. Through their insistence on the interdependence of environment and development, ‘futurists’ then laid the basis for conceptions of sustainable development.