变频器在热力站定压补水中的应用

文中介绍了丹佛斯Danfoss新型变频器VLT8000 AQUA的特点,阐述了定压补水控制的基本原理,设计了变频定压补水系统的控制方案,进行了变频定压补水系统的性能分析和经济效益分析.实际运行表明,系统运行稳定、可靠、节能.     

地下水穿透情形下玻璃固化体的蚀变研究

玻璃固化体在高放废物处置库中的长期处置行为,是处置库安全评价的关键环节之一。本研究模拟极端情形下,地下水穿透包装容器与固化体接触后,固化体中元素的浸出和蚀变行为。结果表明,地下水与固化体接触后,各元素的浸出浓度迅速增大,在200 d后逐渐下降并趋于稳定;温度对固化体中不同元素浸出速率的影响不同,B和Si的浸出速率随温度的增加而增大,U和Re的浸出速率随温度的降低而增大;固化体蚀变程度随温度的升高而加重,但其蚀变层的形成会阻滞元素在其中的扩散,客观上降低了固化体蚀变速率;富Si处置环境有利于抑制固化体中元素的浸出。     

Wet Oxidation Treatment of Radioactive Spent Ion-Exchange Resin

Radioactive waste ion-exchange resins have been treated by cement solidification directly, however, the effect of cement is unsatisfactory. In order to find other proper treatment methods, many investigations have been carried out. Especially, wet oxidation treatment technology is favored by many researchers because of its short treatment cycle and high volume reduction ratio. In this work, the reaction mechanism, process characteristics and industrial application of the wet oxidation treatment of radioactive spent ion-exchange resins were summarized. The analysis of the acid boiling degradation, Fenton wet oxidation technology, steam reforming process and supercritical water oxidation method had been focused. Mainly for the acid digestion, steam reforming process, supercritical water oxidation and Fenton wet oxidation were compared by the status of research at home and abroad and industrial applications, combined with the advantages and disadvantages of each method and the ease of post-processing,and considering the perspective of nuclear safety and convenient for subsequent processing, four treatment methods were briefly analyzed by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The results indicated that Fenton wet oxidation treatment of radioactive spent ion exchange resin was one of the feasible schemes.     

氘重氧水液相催化交换法氢正常化工艺研究

液相催化交换法是有效的氢同位素分离方法之一,传统电解法进行氘重氧水氢正常化安全风险大,生产成本高,为此利用液相催化交换法对含氘重氧水进行除氘实验。结果表明,反应温度在30~70 ℃内,随着温度升高,含氘重氧水除氘过程的总体积传质系数（Kya）值先变大后变小,当温度大于60 ℃后,总体积传质系数Kya值逐渐变小,最优反应温度为60 ℃;气液比（摩尔比）在0.5~3.0之间,随着气液比增加,含氘重氧水除氘过程的Kya值愈大,含氘重氧水除氘效果越好,但过大的气液比会引起气液夹带甚至导致液泛,降低反应效率。实验结果可为开展高氘浓度氘重氧水液相催化交换法氢正常化工艺研究提供依据。     

重水浓度与吸光度关系曲线类型研究

重水作为反应堆的慢化材料,其浓度直接影响反应堆的安全和性能。为研究其重水浓度与吸光度间的关系曲线类型,基于朗伯-比尔定律,从理论上推导出液态重水中某种水分子的红外吸收峰分别与0~2种其他水分子的红外吸收峰发生重叠时重水浓度与吸光度间的关系式,分情况对二者之间的关系曲线类型进行讨论。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,测得浓度为0.015%~99.98%（摩尔比）的重水标准样品吸收光谱,对重水浓度和吸光度间的关系曲线类型进行验证,理论推导与实际吻合。研究表明,一般情况下,宽浓度范围内,重水浓度与吸光度间的关系曲线类型为二次曲线;窄浓度范围内,关系曲线类型为线性。特殊情况下,吸光度为定值或关系曲线类型为线性。     

Investigation of radiation-induced surface activation effect in austenitic stainless steel under ultraviolet and γ-ray irradiations

The radiation-induced surface activation (RISA) effect will be applied to the core design in supercritical light water reactor (SCWR) in order to achieve a high performance with excellent economy and safety. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the RISA effect in the candidate fuel cladding materials in SCWR such as PNC1520. The change of weldability due to RISA effect and the related microstructure analysis were performed in oxidized PNC1520 and 304 stainless steel with various oxidization periods. The phases contained in the surface oxide layer of the present specimen were identified as Fe₂CrO₄, γ-Fe₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃. The lifetime of 13.8 days for wettability improving factor was confirmed in the ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Meanwhile, the long life of 13.8 days and short life of 0.8 days for wettability improving factors were identified in the γ-ray irradiation. Based on the fact that the band gap energies of Fe₂CrO₄, γ-Fe₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃ were, respectively, 2.1, 2.0, and 2.2 eV, and the photo energies of UV and γ-ray irradiation were 4.48 eV and 13.3 MeV, it is therefore clarified that the hydrophilization on the oxide layer is ascribed to the RISA effect.     

Operating margin for radioactive effluent released to the environment from korean pressurized water reactors compared to the effluent control limits,obtained by monitoring the concentration of radioactive effluent with radioactive effluent monitors

Korean pressurized water reactors (PWRs) generally use radioactive effluent monitors for monitoring the concentration of radioactive effluents released to the environment. In this study, the operating margins for radioactive effluent monitors were analyzed to determine the levels of real-time concentration of effluents compared to effluent control limits (ECLs), the regulatory limits. The results show that the concentration of radioactive effluents released from Korean PWRs complied with the ECLs during the years 2012–2016. It was also found that outages at Korean PWRs did not impact the operating margins for radioactive effluent monitors; that is, there was no remarkable difference of the concentration of effluents between normal operation and maintenance periods. In terms of simultaneous effluent releases, the results demonstrate that exceeding the ECLs is unlikely to occur even under the hypothetical condition of coincident effluent releases from multiple discharge points at a Korean PWR.     

Chemical reaction kinetics dataset of Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H system for evaluation of fission product chemistry under LWR severe accident conditions

In order to improve LWR source term under severe accident conditions, the first version of a fission product chemistry database named ‘ECUME’ was developed. The ECUME is intended to include several datasets of major chemical reactions and their effective kinetic constants for representative severe accident sequences. It is expected that the ECUME can serve as a fundamental basis from which fission product chemical models can be elaborated for use in the severe accident analysis codes. The implemented chemical reactions in the first version were those for representative gas species in Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H system from 300 to 3000 K. The chemical reaction kinetic constants were evaluated from either literature data or calculated values using ab-initio calculations. The sample chemical reaction calculation using the presently constructed dataset showed meaningful kinetics effects at 1000 K. Comparison of the chemical equilibrium compositions by using the dataset with those by chemical equilibrium calculations has shown rather good consistency for the representative Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H species. From these results, it was concluded that the present dataset should be useful to evaluate fission product chemistry in Cs-I-B-Mo-O-H system under LWR severe accident conditions, where kinetics effects should be considered.     

Vortex characteristics due to nozzle clogging in water caster mould: modelling and validation

In continuous slab casting, clogging in the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) ports leads to flow asymmetry and vortex formation in the mould. Knowledge of vortexing and its influence on product quality is fundamental for defect-free production. In this study, the interconnected effects of nozzle clogging and SEN submergence depth, variation on flow asymmetry and vortex characteristics in a 0.4 scale water caster have been characterised by CFD investigation and validated with experimental results from the authors’ previous work. Mean flow velocities at the sub-meniscus and near the port exit predicted by the computational model are compared with the time-averaged values of the impeller probe velocity measurements and found to be in reasonable agreement. Three different clogging conditions (0, 33 and 66% in the left port of the SEN) for SEN submergence depth of 60?mm are studied and the 66% clogging produced vortices having largest diameter, which is consistent with the experimental observations. The effects of SEN submergence depth on flow asymmetry and vortexing are investigated with three different conditions – 40, 60 and 80?mm. It is found that the shallow SEN submergence depth (40?mm) produces vortices of largest diameter and the flow is most stable for a SEN submergence depth of 60?mm among the three cases. Vortex bending towards the SEN as noticed in the experimental observations is also observed in the computational study. This work illustrates the possibility of capturing features of vortexing using validated CFD model.     

钢铁生产的水能关系分析

从钢铁生产过程中水资源使用时的能耗角度研究了钢铁联合企业的水能关系,提出了水能强度的概念来评价企业生产过程中水资源利用的节能水平,建立了钢铁企业的水能关系模型。以中国某大型钢铁联合企业为例,计算并分析了该企业的水能关系。该企业总的水能量为55 709 kW·h/h,重复用水水能量占整个钢铁企业全部水能量的82%,补水水能量占16%,排水水能量占1%;各工序中热轧工序占比最大,其次是炼铁、炼钢工序,冷轧、烧结和炼焦工序较低。该企业的吨钢水能强度为0.208 kW·h/m3,炼铁工序的水能强度最高,热轧、炼钢工序次之,烧结、冷轧和炼焦工序较低。最后,从钢铁生产过程水资源利用的角度得到节能的方向及措施。