计及碳交易成本的多能源站综合能源系统规划

冷、热、电等能源行业分开规划、独立运行的传统模式制约着电力系统综合能效的提高。为推行碳排放交易政策,改变传统单一经济目标主导的规划模式,将碳交易与综合能源系统规划相结合,提出一种计及碳交易成本的多能源站综合能源系统规划方法。首先,建立了包含碳排放量计算、碳排放初始配额和碳交易成本的数学模型。其次,在分析综合能源系统投资运行成本计算模型的基础上,以碳交易成本和系统投资运行成本最小为目标,计及电、冷、热多种能源约束和热网损耗约束,构建综合考虑经济性及低碳性的规划模型。算例仿真结果表明,地理距离较近的多能源站通过热网可实现热能互供互济,且在综合能源系统规划中计及碳交易成本能有效降低系统碳排放,提高系统整体能效,具有可观的经济效益。     

The coal question that emissions trading has not answered

Can emissions trading assist with the task of placing a limit on coal production and consumption in Australia? This paper outlines a critical political economy perspective on coal and a flagship ‘market mechanism’ for emissions reduction. The prospects for an effective emissions trading scheme in coal-dominated economies are considered in light of its theoretical justifications as well as recent attempts to price carbon in Australia. Emissions trading is a weak instrument that does not address real-world failures of coal governance. At their theoretical best, carbon prices produce marginal changes to the cost structure of production. In practice, the Australian case demonstrates emissions trading is an attempt to displace the emissions reduction task away from coal, through compensation arrangements and offsetting. In light of the urgent need to rapidly reduce global emissions, direct regulation and democratisation of coal production and consumption should be flagship climate policy.     

An integrated optimization modeling approach for planning emission trading and clean-energy development under uncertainty

The growing concern for global warming caused by the increased atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) has a significant effect on environmental and energy policies and economic activities, due to the ever-increasing use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas throughout the world. A variety of complexities and uncertainties exist in CO₂-emission-related processes and various impact factors, such as CO₂-emission inventory, mitigation measure, and cost parameter. Decision makers face problems of how many clean-energy resources (or carbon credits) are needed to be replaced (or bought) by measuring electric-power benefits and uncertain economic penalties from random excess CO₂ exceeding to given discharge permits. In this study, an integrated optimization modeling approach is developed for planning CO₂ abatement through emission trading scheme (ETS) and clean development mechanism (CDM), where uncertainties presented in terms of fuzzy sets, interval values, and random variables can be addressed. The developed model is also applied to a case study of planning CO₂-emission mitigation for an electric-power system (EPS) that involves three fossil-fueled power plants (i.e., gas, oil and coal-power plants). Different trading schemes and clean-energy development plans corresponding to different CO₂-emission management policies have been analyzed. The results demonstrate that CO₂-emission reduction program can be performed cost-effective through emission trading and clean-energy development projects. Violation analyses are also conducted to demonstrate that different violation levels for model’s objective and constraints have different effects on system benefit and satisfaction degree as well as emission trading and clean-energy development.     

The significance of the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention) in international environmental law: examining the implications of the Danube Delta case

The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, providing for a concrete framework of procedural regulation on environmentally harmful activities, has several features and is one of the most progressive multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). This convention may offset some of the limits of substantial regulation and strengthen procedural regulation in various respects where an activity, to which the convention applies, is also regulated by other MEAs. The Danube Delta case concerning the Bystroe Canal project of Ukraine may be one such precedent. This convention takes several distinctive functions, derived from the features, in the complex interaction of the management processes under five MEAs and the UNESCO MAB Programme, as well as by the European Commission. This gives us some hints of an answer regarding some questions on overlap between different MEAs.     

How many reference patterns can improve profitability for real-time trading in futures market?

Investors in futures market used to employ trading system which depends on reference pattern (template) to detect real-time buy or sell signal from the market. Indeed they prepare in advance a number of reference patterns that market movement might follow, and then match the current market with one of reference patterns. One popular way to prepare templates is to fix a relatively small number of them which represent possible market movements efficiently. The underlying assumption of this approach is of course that the current market movement is close enough to one of the templates. However, there is always a calculated risk that the current market is close to none of them sufficiently. In this article we investigate the issue of appropriate number of templates (or template cardinality I) in terms of profitability. We will show that one may improve profitability by increasing I and that random pattern sampling plays a key role in such case. An empirical study is done on the Korean futures market.     

全国碳市场建设现状及水泥行业应对措施探讨

建材行业二氧化碳量排放的65%～67%来自水泥制造业,工艺环节的排放又占到水泥制造业二氧化碳排放的60%以上,面对全国碳市场即将于今年启动,水泥熟料作为首批纳入行业,基准值确定与碳配额的分配将直接关系到企业的履约成本。企业通过转变原料、能源消费方式,加大节能减排新技术的推行力度,结合碳资产的有效管理,不仅可以消除碳交易制度带来的影响,先进企业还可以做到在碳市场中有所盈利。     

Does a regional greenhouse gas policy make sense? A case study of carbon leakage and emissions spillover

The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) is a state-level effort by ten northeast states in the U.S. to control CO₂ emissions from the electric sector. The approach adopted by RGGI is a regional cap-and-trade program, which sets a maximal annual amount of regional CO₂ emissions that can be emitted from the electric sector. However, incoherence of the geographic scope of the regional electricity market is expected to produce two undesirable consequences: CO₂ leakage and NO_x and SO₂ emissions spillover. This paper addresses these two issues using transmission-constrained electricity market models. The results show that although larger CO₂ leakage is associated with higher allowance prices, it is negatively related to CO₂ prices if measured in percentage terms. On the other hand, SO₂ and NO_x emissions spillover increase in commensurate with CO₂ allowance prices. Demand elasticity attenuates the effect of emissions trading on leakage and emissions spillover. This highlights the difficulties of designing a regional or local climate policy.     

Ex-ante evaluation of EU ETS during 2013–2030: EU-internal abatement

This study investigates CO₂ emission reduction within the EU resulting from the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) up to 2030. This is performed by constructing a baseline scenario without the ETS and assessing the impacts of the ETS, as currently designed. The results indicate that the ETS will start to impact emissions primarily after 2025 due to the prevalence of a sizable allowance surplus. The impact of approved (i.e. back-loading and 2.2% linear reduction factor (LRF)) and proposed (i.e. market stability reserve (MSR)) policy interventions and the inclusion of aviation, could accelerate the exhaustion of surplus and increase emission reductions during the investigated period. However, these measures would be insufficient to restore the scarcity of allowances and the corresponding carbon price before the start of ETS Phase IV, and the effectiveness of EU-internal abatement cannot be guaranteed until 2023. The effectiveness could be further reduced in the case of the economic shocks or the exclusion of international aviation.To restore the scarcity of allowances, other reform options are necessary. This paper extends the reasoning for the early removal of the back-loaded 900 Mtonne allowances by 2020 and broadening the scope of ETS to other sectors with potential high demand for allowances.     

生物炭农田应用的固碳减排研究进展

温室气体(GHGs)过量排放造成的全球气候变化问题受到广泛关注,农业活动是第二大温室气体排放源,减少农业温室气体排放刻不容缓.生物炭由生物质在高温限氧条件下热解炭化获得,其性质稳定、孔径丰富、富含芳香碳,因而减排增汇效果优异,具有参与农业自愿减排碳交易的显著潜力.然而生物炭固碳减排效果异质性大,影响因素复杂多样,因此有必要对其减排效应、影响因素和研究进展进行归纳总结.本文系统梳理了国内外与生物炭固碳减排相关的室内、大田研究和整合分析研究,同时采用CiteSpace软件进行可视化分析,探究了该领域的发展趋势和研究热点.基于国内外碳交易市场发展特点与程度以及相应配套政策总结了生物炭参与碳交易面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了相应的解决手段,为生物炭固碳减排研究的开展和生物炭农田应用项目参与碳交易提供了科学指导和建议.