The hedge value of international emissions trading under uncertainty

This paper estimates the value of international emissions trading, focusing on a here-to-fore neglected component; its value as a hedge against uncertainty. Much analysis has been done of the Kyoto Protocol and other potential international greenhouse gas mitigation policies comparing the costs of achieving emission targets with and without trading. These studies often show large cost reductions for all Parties under trading compared to a no trading case. We investigate the welfare gains of including emissions trading in the presence of uncertainty in economic growth rates, using both a partial equilibrium model based on marginal abatement cost curves and a computable general equilibrium model. We find that the hedge value of international trading is small relative to its value in reallocating emissions reductions when the burden sharing scheme does not resemble a least cost allocation. We also find that the effects of pre-existing tax distortions and terms of trade dominate the hedge value of trading. We conclude that the primary value of emissions trading in international agreements is as a burden sharing or wealth transfer mechanism and should be judged accordingly.     

Personal carbon trading: A policy ahead of its time?

In 2008, the UK government undertook a review of personal carbon trading (PCT) and declared that it was ‘an idea currently ahead of its time’. PCT is a radical policy proposal which would entail all adults receiving an equal, tradable carbon allowance to cover emissions from household energy and/or personal travel. The allowance would reduce over time, in line with national emissions reduction goals. The government’s key concerns about PCT were its social unacceptability and high cost. This paper reviews the literature and identifies knowledge gaps, and then discusses whether these concerns are justified. Contrary to the government’s conclusions, most research shows PCT to be at least as socially acceptable as an alternative taxation policy. People think it could be both fair and effective. Set-up and running costs for PCT will undoubtedly be higher than for alternative taxation policies. However, PCT could deliver benefits from individual and social change motivated by non-economic aspects of the policy. These potential benefits are outlined here. The conclusion is that PCT is a promising and timely policy idea.     

煤炭交易平台虚拟服务器实现研究

文章分析了虚拟主机的架设环境,虚拟主机服务的实现技巧,虚拟主机的安全设置等技术,对于煤炭交易平台虚拟服务器的建立、维护与使用起到重要的参考作用。使人们对现在的虚拟主机商提供的服务有所了解,并可以搭建出自己的虚拟主机平台。     

European Emission Trading Scheme and competitiveness: A case study on the iron and steel industry

We quantify the impact of the European Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) on the two dimensions of competitiveness – production and profitability – for the iron and steel industry. Among those covered by the scheme, this sector is one of the most exposed, since it is both highly CO₂-intensive and relatively open to international trade. We also examine the robustness of these results to various assumptions: marginal abatement cost curve, trade and demand elasticities, as well as pass-through rates and updating of allocation rules, of which the latter two are scarcely debated.We conclude that for this sector, competitiveness losses are small. We prove this conclusion to be robust. Hence arguments against tightening the environmental stringency of the ETS in Phase II are not justified on grounds of competitiveness loss. Our systematic sensitivity analysis allows us to identify the important assumptions for each output variable. It turns out that pass-through rates and updating rules are significant, despite being often implicit and least debated in existing analyses.     

多污染因子归一化评价模型建立与应用研究

本文提出一种多污染因子归一化环境影响评价方法模型,根据污染物毒理毒性将多污染因子的l环境分析问题转化为单因子状态进行考察。通过区域环境规划及污染物总量控制等实践研究,证实可以利用特征化的单因子解决环评中的多污染因子问题。与传统方法相比,本方法相对简单实用,有利于多污染物综合影响的评价管理,对于尚未制定评价标准的特征污染物质也可以纳入综合因子进行统一评价和管理,有利于实现高毒高污染的重点污染源率先控制削减目标,提高了特征有毒污染物环境控制及管理的可操作性。     

电力行业污染物排放权交易模型

为了实现排污配额的优化配置,以某一区域的电力行业为例,基于电力企业运营资源费用、发电成本、污染物治理成本、污染物减排绩效、污染物排污交易价格以及污染物排放配额等因素,构建主要大气污染物（SO2、NOx、CO2）排污交易优化模型,采用多情景分析方法,对比分析各因素对电力行业污染物交易以及电厂运行的影响.结果表明,改变排放配额的交易价格和政府的绩效价格,各电厂的电力生产量以及区域的外购电量不变,但各电厂污染物的交易状况发生改变,出现多种交易类型.该模型能够有效解决区域环境治理及电力行业污染物减排问题,实现对区域污染物排放总量和优化能源结构的有效控制,为未来区域能源规划、区域环境质量改善、电厂运行优化以及建立区域污染物排放交易机制提供参考.     

分支井产能预测模型及分支形态优化

海上油田开发受平台空间限制,应用多分支井开发具有明显的技术与经济优势,但是,随着分支数量的增加,准确预测多分支井产能,降低其在油田开发中的风险是非常必要的.由格林函数和源函数,应用叠加原理和镜像反映法,推导了盒状封闭油藏中任意井眼轨迹的油藏渗流模型;根据质量守恒定律和动量守恒定律建立了井筒变质量流动压降模型,并由连续性方程将油藏渗流模型与井筒变质量流动压降模型耦合求解,从而建立了任意井眼轨迹油井产能预测模型,通过该模型分析了分支井分支位置、分支角度和分支对称性对产能的影响,在此基础上对分支形态进行了优化.结果表明,增加分支与主井筒之间的夹角,能够有效降低分支与主井筒间的干扰,但当分支夹角受钻井技术限制时,增加分支长度可提高产能;分支布置在主井筒跟部,并采用非对称分布可有效提高产能.     

认知无线网络中基于代理的动态频谱交易算法

为了提高认知无线网络中频谱共享所产生的效益,研究了认知网络的频谱管理技术,提出了一种基于代理的频谱交易算法。该方法以代理商作为频谱交易和分配的中介,减轻了多主用户、多次用户频谱交易过程中的系统开销;在各主用户服务提供商之间采取相互竞争或相互合作的模式以最大化自身利益或总体利益为目标与代理商达成最终的频谱交易价格和频谱出售量量,代理商把交易得来的频谱在次用户之间进行拍卖,各次用户向代理商投标,代理商根据其投标分配相应的频谱,次用户自适应地调整投标以使自身利益最大化。主用户服务提供商之间的竞争或合作和次用户之间的竞拍均采用纳什均衡作为最终的结果。基于MATLAB对所提算法的性能进行了仿真,仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于点费率的跨省区输电定价机制

合理的跨省区输电定价机制是实现跨省区电力交易公平竞争、资源在更大范围内优化配置的前提。针对中国跨省区输电定价机制存在的问题,从成本分摊和输电价格结构角度,提出一种基于“点费率”的跨省区输电定价方法。该方法通过电气源流分析计算各省级电网对跨省区联络线的使用程度,按照使用程度分摊跨省区输电成本,实现成本分摊的合理性。同时,从价格结构角度,通过设计合理的跨省区输电价格,使跨省区输电费不阻碍省间交易,有利于促进资源在区域范围内最优化。通过IEEE14节点算例验证了所提方法的有效性。     

综合保税区的功能解析及空间组织模式

综合保税区是我国向自由贸易区发展道路上的一项新的举措和探索。研究在分析国内已批准设立的部分综合保税区的基础上,对现阶段综合保税区的主导功能内涵以及与之相关的内部空间组织等方面进行分析,以探寻在综合保税区内的空间组织模式,为这一特殊政策监管区域的规划编制与实施提供可行的发展模式。建设综合保税区的主要设想是通过发展保税加工、保税物流和相关增值服务业,赋予综合保税区完备的保税加工、保税物流功能,满足跨国公司普遍采用的零库存、及时供应等现代生产方式、管理方式和营销方式,使保税加工、保税物流在区内协调发展,促进加工贸易转型升级和区域外向型经济发展。