Real-time characterization of aerosol particle composition,sources and influences of increased ventilation and humidity in an office

Most of human exposure to atmospheric pollutants occurs indoors, and the components of outdoor aerosols may have been changed in the way before reaching indoor spaces. Here we conducted real-time online measurements of mass concentrations and chemical composition of black carbon and the non-refractory species in PM_2.5 in an occupied office for approximately one month. The open-close windows and controlled dampness experiments were also performed. Our results show that indoor aerosol species primarily originate from outdoors with indoor/outdoor ratio of these species typically less than unity except for certain organic aerosol (OA) factors. All aerosol species went through filtration upon transport indoors. Ammonium nitrate and fossil fuel OA underwent evaporation or particle-to-gas partitioning, while less oxidized secondary OA (SOA) underwent secondary formation and cooking OA might have indoor sources. With higher particulate matter (PM) mass concentration outdoors than in the office, elevated natural ventilation increased PM exposure indoors and this increased exposure was prolonged when outdoor PM was scavenged. We found that increasing humidity in the office led to higher indoor PM mass concentration particularly more oxidized SOA. Overall, our results highlight that indoor exposure of occupants is substantially different from outdoor in terms of mass concentrations and chemical species.     

Understanding structure ignition vulnerabilities using mock‐up sections of attached wood fencing assemblies

Firebrand production from structure combustion becomes a key factor in the magnitude of how quickly a large outdoor fire may spread. Post‐fire disaster investigations suggest that attached building components, such as wood fencing assemblies are known to be prone to ignition in these fires, and may provide pathways to structure ignition. Here, a comparison of ignition results from full‐scale fencing assembly experiments conducted using a full‐scale wind tunnel facility, to mock‐ups of full‐scale fencing assemblies using the recently developed experimental capability at the National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster (NRIFD) are discussed. In both experimental facilities, the fencing assemblies were exposed to firebrand showers using custom built continuous feed firebrand generators with size and mass distributions similar to those generated from structure combustion. Similar ignition behaviors were observed between the full‐scale fencing assemblies and the mock‐up of full‐scale fencing assemblies. Additional experiments are required for other fencing assembly types to further verify these important findings.     

室外微蜂窝小区3.5GHz 电波传播特性仿真和分析

射线跟踪方法是研究室外微蜂窝小区电波传播的有效方法。基于入射及反弹射线法/ 镜像法对室外微小区环境中3. 5GHz 电波传播的路径损耗进行了仿真和分析,仿真结果与文献所给的结果一致性良好,验证了该 方法的正确性。提出了一种新型的射线管判收方法,可有效判断到达接收机的所有射线管。分析了仿真中得到的接收功率、均方根时延扩展、波达方向等传播参数,并比较了视距传播(LOS)和非视距传播(NLOS)的传播特性,这些分析结果可为3. 5GHz 频段无线通信系统的覆盖提供相应的理论依据。     

给排水在室外设计的注意要点

室外给排水的设计是建筑工程的重点之一,其设计要依据室外给排水设计规范、消防规范、小区给排水规范和给排水设计手册等相关的规范来进行。本文通过对室外给排水设计经验的总结,提出了一些给排水设计的注意要点。     

不同最大可达新风比对商场建筑中空气侧经济器节能效果的影响研究

空气侧经济器（Air-side economizer）由于其具有节能效果显著、可提高室内空气品质等优点越来越受到行业内人们的关注。然而在我国,应用空气侧经济器的空调系统的实际可以达到的最大新风比往往远达不到全新风工况的100%。选择北京、上海、成都、西安和哈尔滨5个城市,利用eQUEST能耗模拟软件针对1栋商场建筑的典型模型,对焓差控制、温差控制和固定温度控制3种控制策略下的空气侧经济器在不同可达新风比下的节能量进行了模拟计算,并对计算结果进行对比,分析了不同气候、不同控制策略下,空气侧经济器的节能效果对最大可达新风比的敏感性。     

价值工程在住宅小区室外给水管材选型中的应用

本文针对住宅小区室外给水工程的特点,运用价值工程评价法分析室外给水管材的选型问题。     

建筑室外平台对烟气蔓延的抑制作用

某城市广场利用外庭平台结构,将商业综合体的人员疏散同城市交通换乘相结合解决疏散问题。对其火灾时室外平台区域的烟气蔓延情况进行研究,利用FDS分别模拟楼层高度与室外平台宽度的不同比例对于烟气蔓延的影响,分析了烟气温度,能见度水平等主要安全指标,得出楼层高度与室外平台宽度比例在1∶0.6～1∶0.8之间时能较好地保障平台区域的人员疏散。并建议对室外平台同建筑的商业区域进行防火分隔,防止烟气蔓延到外庭区域。     

在线高分辨率示踪技术在重庆南山隧道水渗漏的应用研究

为研究南山隧道在岩溶槽谷区施工中产生的上覆岩体渗漏,根据试验区的水文地质条件,选择在地表涂山湖水库作为示踪剂投放点,在南山隧道涌水出口处作为接收点,采用荧光素钠作为示踪剂,进行在线高分辨率示踪试验。试验结果表明:涂山湖水库与南山隧道之间很可能存在三个相互并列的岩溶通道,水力连通时间约为142.0min。在线高分辨率示踪技术具有灵敏度高、取样时间密度小和不易受污染等特点。     

Comparative analysis of the outdoor performance of a dye solar cell mini‐panel for building integrated photovoltaics applications

New generation photovoltaic (PV) devices such as polymer and dye sensitized solar cells (DSC) have now reached a more mature stage of development, and among their various applications, building integrated PVs seems to have the most promising future, especially for DSC devices. This new generation technology has attracted an increasing interest because of its low cost due to the use of cheap printable materials and simple manufacturing techniques, easy production, and relatively high efficiency. As for the more consolidated PV technologies, DSCs need to be tested in real operating conditions and their performance compared with other PV technologies to put into evidence the real potential. This work presents the results of a 3 months outdoor monitoring activity performed on a DSC mini‐panel made by the Dyepower Consortium, positioned on a south oriented vertical plane together with a double junction amorphous silicon (a‐Si) device and a multi‐crystalline silicon (m‐Si) device at the ESTER station of the University of Rome Tor Vergata. Good performance of the DSC mini‐panel has been observed for this particular configuration, where the DSC energy production compares favorably with that of a‐Si and m‐Si especially at high solar angles of incidence confirming the suitability of this technology for the integration into building facades. This assumption is confirmed by the energy produced per nominal watt‐peak for the duration of the measurement campaign by the DSC that is 12% higher than that by a‐Si and only 3% lower than that by m‐Si for these operating conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水性PUA树脂的合成及其在半户外中的应用

介绍了一种低VOC丙烯酸改性聚氨酯的合成及其应用.通过调整丙烯酸单体的硬度及其与聚氨酯的比例,得到了性能优异的PUA树脂.树脂加入2％的成膜助剂即可成膜,涂膜具有优异的外观、柔韧性和耐老化性.探讨了其在半户外木器中的应用.