Solar electricity in a changing environment: The case of Spain

In Spain, solar electricity (photovoltaic and thermoelectric) has reached a stable annual capacity factor above 20% since 2009; while wind achieved 23% since more than 10 years ago. This is the demonstration of an ongoing transition towards a more sustainable energy mix, further corroborated by the reduction of the capacity factor of gas-fired technology, which has seen a decline to values lower than 10% after an initial promising rise; this is a very low value for a fossil-fuel technology. Additionally, hydro installed capacity, which has been stable for the past 20 years, have demonstrated that can be used as a back-up power source in combination with solar and wind electricity, and it is capable of producing energy peaks that may increase from a stable base of 2000 GWh/month up to 6000 GWh/month and therefore meet demand at some particular times when solar and wind are generating less electricity without the need of installing new additional capacity at national level.     

Effect of annealing on photovoltaic properties and microstructure of conventional and inverted organic solar cells using active bilayer based on liquid‐crystal semiconducting polymer and fullerene

Conventional and inverted organic solar cells of poly[9,9‐dioctyl‐fluorene‐co‐bithiophene] (F8T2) as liquid‐crystal semiconducting polymer and fullerene as electron acceptor were fabricated and characterized. An effect of thermal treatment of the films on annealing condition near glass transition was investigated for tuning optimization and improving the photovoltaic and optical properties. Annealing treatment below the glass transition improved the photovoltaic performance and carrier diffusion in crystal growth of active layer. The X‐ray diffraction patterns indicate a crystalline structure with molecular order of F8T2 in crystal index, 100 as a layer distance between sheets of F8T2 chains. The photovoltaic properties were based on molecular interactions with molecular ordering in active layer at crystal state. As the photovoltaic mechanisms, the F8T2 thin film as p‐type semiconducting polymer worked for electron‐donor layer to support light‐induced generation, carrier diffusion and charge transfer near interface in active layer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Overcoming barriers and uncertainties in the adoption of residential solar PV

In recent years decreasing hardware costs have driven down the installed price of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and spurred adoption. However, system cost is not the only barrier faced by solar adopters. Potential adopters also face various informational barriers, leading to high indirect costs during the information search process. There is a significant gap in the literature for empirical work on solar adoption linking how the information context (installer marketing; neighbors with solar, i.e., peer effects; etc.) interacts with a potential adopter's motivations to impact decision outcomes. To address this gap we present results of a new survey on the decision-making process of residential PV adopters in northern California. The main aspects of our analysis include: salient motivating factors, information gathering process, peer effects, role of installers, and factors driving the choice of outright purchase versus third-party ownership (e.g., leasing) modes of adoption. We find that installers and neighbors play important, but often supplementary, roles throughout the decision-making process and have influence on both the decision to adopt as well as on the mode of adoption. Furthermore, expected financial returns and concerns about operations and maintenance are the main determining factors for the mode of adoption.     

激光打孔技术在光伏背板玻璃上的应用

双玻光伏组件以其抗PID性强、防隐裂、防水汽透过、抗蜗牛纹、可靠性优异、轻量化等诸多优点,在晶硅太阳能组件市占比逐步提高。双玻光伏组件用背板玻璃一般需要预留出线孔,光伏背板玻璃的出线孔主要有两种打孔方式:金钢钻上下同步钻孔的模式和激光打孔。激光打孔以其易维护、可异形孔加工、效率高、生产成本低等优势得到各大玻璃厂的认可。通过分析在实际生产中激光打孔出现的打孔缺陷问题,提出了改善措施,有助于工厂的降本增效。     

Investigation of solar hybrid system with concentrating Fresnel lens,photovoltaic and thermoelectric generators

An experimental model of a solar hybrid system including photovoltaic (PV) module, concentrating Fresnel lens, thermoelectric generator (TEG), and running water heat extracting unit was created and studied. The PV module used was of c‐Si and TEG of Bi₂Te₃; the Fresnel lens (solar concentrator) and TEG share an optical train, whereas PV module was illuminated separately with non‐concentrated light. Heat extracting unit operated in thermo siphon mode. In climatic conditions of Mexico (Queretaro, 20^o of North latitude, summer time), the Fresnel lens accepted 120 W of solar radiation power, and the system generated 7.0 W of electric power and 30 W of thermal one. The discussion is made of the possible characteristics of a hypothetical hybrid system where all its elements share the same optical train. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海南电网分布式光伏消纳能力评估

利用DIgSILENT/PowerFactory仿真软件,从电能质量、经济运行、继电保护等方面研究了分布式光伏接入对海南电网的影响。基于系统的安全经济运行约束,对海南电网常见典型接线形式的多种运行方式进行了消纳能力评估。结果表明,各类典型配电网的消纳能力为相应配电网峰荷的20%~40%;制约配电网消纳光伏发电的主要因素为中压配电网功率因数下降和低压配电网三相不平衡。     

并网运行风/光/储微电网容量配置双目标优化

目前关于微网电源容量配置的研究主要针对独立运行情况,虽配置结果可保证系统运行的可靠性,但增加了冗余投资。针对并网运行的风/光/储微电网,制定了其运行策略,分别建立了微网经济性和供电可靠性模型,采用多目标模拟退火粒子群优化算法求取模型的最优解集,得到了微网中风力和光伏发电及储能系统容量配置方案。结果表明,相比于独立运行,在相同的可靠性要求下,以并网运行的角度配置风/光/储微电源容量关系,可明显降低微网投资成本。     

一种新型H6桥非隔离光伏并网逆变器

在非隔离的光伏并网发电系统中,抑制漏电流是需要解决的关键问题之一。研究了一种改进型H6拓扑结构,通过引入一组开关管和分压电容实现变换器续流阶段时电位的可靠箝位,可消除高频脉动下的共模电压;同时在续流阶段电流不流经性能较差的MOSFET寄生体二极管,降低系统开关损耗。在分析新型H6拓扑结构的工作原理及脉宽调制(PWM)策略基础上,设计构造了3 kW光伏并网实验样机,结果表明该拓扑结构具有低损耗、高质量、消除共模电流的特征。     

改进型NPC拓扑结构在光伏并网逆变器的应用

传统三电平中点箝位(NPC)逆变器拓扑结构中不同开关器件承受的工作损耗不同,损耗分布会因光伏发电工作状态改变,因而大功率逆变器的散热问题急需解决。提出了一种新型NPC拓扑结构,通过控制策略的编程控制,使逆变器的开关器件有了更多的开关自由度,达到系统器件平衡散热,从而解决了逆变器的局部高温问题。系统采用功率可调的PWM策略实现了不同工作状态,且不影响系统的输出电流,通过新的硬件拓扑和控制策略实现了系统开关器件的损耗平衡。