Photovoltaic–Pyroelectric Coupled Effect Induced Electricity for Self‐Powered Photodetector System

Ferroelectric materials have demonstrated novel photovoltaic effect to scavenge solar energy. However, most of the ferroelectric materials with wide bandgaps (2.7–4 eV) suffer from low power conversion efficiency of less than 0.5% due to absorbing only 8–20% of solar spectrum. Instead of harvesting solar energy, these ferroelectric materials can be well suited for photodetector applications, especially for sensing near‐UV irradiations. Here, a ferroelectric BaTiO₃ film‐based photodetector is demonstrated that can be operated without using any external power source and a fast sensing of 405 nm light illumination is enabled. As compared with photovoltaic effect, both the responsivity and the specific detectivity of the photodetector can be dramatically enhanced by larger than 260% due to the light‐induced photovoltaic–pyroelectric coupled effect. A self‐powered photodetector array system can be utilized to achieve spatially resolved light intensity detection by recording the output voltage signals as a mapping figure.     

偏远岛礁就地供水保障模式分析

分析了偏远岛礁依靠大陆船运送水的远距离供水保障模式在复杂军事斗争环境和台风频发环境存在的主要问题,提出了能提高岛礁独立生存能力的淡水自给自足的保障模式,重点探讨了利用雨水收集和可再生能源发电制水这两种方式解决偏远岛礁就地供水保障问题的特点、互补性、具体方式和技术途径。研究表明,采用"珊瑚沙滩浅层暗湖雨水收集利用系统"和"光伏直接供能反渗透海水淡化系统"这两种具体的淡水就地保障模式具有很高的发展潜能,特别是其联合工作模式具有较强的互补性和可靠性,适合在偏远岛礁推广应用。     

新能源功率预测算法优化研究

以风能和太阳能为代表的新能源具有随机性、间歇性和波动性,对新能源发电功率进行预测是有效解决以上问题的途径。在确定性预测中充分考虑风电出力和预测模型特性,提出分段支持向量机（piecewise support vector machine,PSVM）和神经网络（neural network,NN）预测算法;充分考虑天气特征对光伏出力的影响,提出基于气象特性分析的光伏出力预测算法。通过若干风电场的算例分析,证明了上述几种预测模型的实用性,为功率预测的可靠性分析提供支持。     

基于光控压电混合驱动悬臂梁独立模态控制

本文提出利用镧改性锆钛酸铅（PLZT）的光电效应,将PLZT作为电动势源来驱动压电作动器,从而实现光控板壳结构的振动控制。基于光控压电等效电学模型建立了光控压电混合驱动的数学模型,并进行了实验验证。为了实现光控悬臂梁的独立模态控制,针对悬臂梁结构,设计了正交模态传感器/作动器表面电极形状函数。提出PLZT与压电作动器正/反接控制的激励策略,并结合速度反馈定光强控制的控制算法,利用Newmark-β法对不同光照强度下悬臂梁的动态响应进行了数值仿真分析。分析结果证明了本文所设计的模态传感器/作动器及针对光控压电混合驱动提出的控制策略的正确性。     

Is floating photovoltaic better than conventional photovoltaic? Assessing environmental impacts

Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy installations are growing all over the world as a promising renewable alternative to generate electricity. However, many studies have highlighted some drawbacks associated with the installation and operation of conventional solar energy power plants. Thus, floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems have been emerging as a new concept in solar energy to lessen negative environmental impacts caused by allocation of conventional PV facilities. This paper is an overview of the potential negative and positive environmental impacts caused by photovoltaic systems with particular interest on large-scale conventional and floating photovoltaic. This study addresses and compares the impacts at all phases of project implementation, which covers planning, construction, and operation and decommissioning, focusing on ambient located in the tropics. The overall impacts associated with project allocation such as deforestation (for the project implementation and site accessing), bird mortality, erosion, runoff, and change in microclimate are expected to have higher magnitudes for the implementation of conventional PV facilities. The results highlight advantages of FPV over conventional PV during the operational and decommissioning phases as well. Though, further studies are required to assess both qualitative and quantitative aspects of installations in similar areas.     

低维钙钛矿:兼具高效率和稳定性的新型太阳能电池光吸收层候选材料

使用有机无机杂化钙钛矿材料作为光吸收层的钙钛矿太阳能电池自进入人们的视野以来,其制备工艺和器件结构不断得到优化,短短几年内效率取得了非常可观的增长。与此同时,这种基于三维钙钛矿材料的电池的缺点也越来越突出,尤其是材料的不稳定性,严重阻碍了其发展。低维钙钛矿材料具有有机胺层与无机层(金属卤化物钙钛矿晶体)之间相互交替的低维(层状)结构,其中被有机胺隔开的独立钙钛矿层中八面体的层数n越小,钙钛矿越接近二维结构。相比传统三维钙钛矿结构,低维钙钛矿材料应用于光伏器件具有两大优势:(1)耐湿性、光热稳定性大大增强;(2)可以通过改变n和插入的有机胺的种类来实现光学及电学性质的可调性。然而,低维钙钛矿具有较大的光学带隙,有机胺的引入降低了载流子迁移率,导致低维钙钛矿电池的效率明显低于三维钙钛矿电池。因此,近三年来除研究钙钛矿层数对材料性质和器件性能的影响外,研究者们主要从选择合适的有机胺和优化薄膜制备工艺方面不断尝试,并取得了丰硕的成果,在充分发挥低维钙钛矿稳定性优势的同时大幅提升了器件效率。目前,低维钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率已由2014年的4.37%跃升至13.7%。在较高效率的低维钙钛矿太阳能电池中已取得成功应用的有机胺类包括苯乙胺(PEA)、正丁胺(n-BA)、异丁胺(iso-BA)、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)等。其中PEA应用得最早;n-BA是运用在目前为止最高效的低维钙钛矿电池中的有机胺;而PEI插层形成的低维钙钛矿拥有相对更小的光学带隙和更高的耐湿性,但载流子的传输会受到更大的限制。低维钙钛矿薄膜的制备起初主要采用简单的一步旋涂法,但此法所得的低维钙钛矿平行于基底生长,器件效率很低。近两年的研究工作将基底预热、浸泡、反溶剂滴加等手段引入到钙钛矿旋涂工艺中,实现了低维钙钛矿优先垂直基底生长,为突破低效率瓶颈提供了可能。此外,以三维钙钛矿为基础,以有机胺为添加剂,制得的二维和三维混合的钙钛矿结构,也可以实现器件效率和稳定性的双提升。本文归纳了低维钙钛矿光伏器件的研究进展,分别对低维钙钛矿的分子结构、插入的有机胺的选择、钙钛矿薄膜的制备方法等进行介绍,分析了低维钙钛矿太阳能电池面临的问题并展望其前景,以期为制备稳定和环境友好的新型钙钛矿太阳能电池提供参考。