毫米波辐射计缩比测试研究

缩比测试是在较低高度下对满足缩比条件的小目标进行测试,以等效在真实高度下对大目标进行测试的情况。文中针对毫米波辐射计的探测研究,讨论了其缩比测试的原理及条件,并在两种高度下进行了实际的毫米波辐射计缩比测试及相应真实高度下的塔载测试,结果对比表明了缩比测试的可信性。该方法简单易行,可节省大量经费。     

基于全功率辐射计的导弹毫米波被动引信

文章论述了基于全功率辐射计的毫米波被动引信工作原理,给出了原理框图和参数选择原则,对影响毫米波被动引信应用的作用距离进行了计算和分析,指出导弹毫米波被动引信可以应用于攻击较大的空中目标,还可用于攻击舰艇和大型地面雷达。     

Noise-Optimized Silicon Radiometers

This paper describes a new, experimentally verified, noise analysis and the design considerations of the dynamic characteristics of silicon radiometers. Transimpedance gain, loop gain, and voltage gain were optimized versus frequency for photodiode current meters measuring ac and dc optical radiation. Silicon radiometers with improved dynamic characteristics were built and tested. The frequency-dependent photocurrent gains were measured. The noise floor was optimized in an ac measurement mode using photodiodes of different shunt resistance and operational amplifiers with low 1/f voltage and current noise. In the dark (without any signal), the noise floor of the optimized silicon radiometers was dominated by the Johnson noise of the source resistance. The Johnson noise was decreased and equalized to the amplified 1/f input noise at a 9 Hz chopping frequency and 30 s integration time constant, resulting in an equivalent root-mean-square (rms) photocurrent noise of 8 × 10⁻¹⁷ A. The lowest noise floor of 5 × 10⁻¹⁷ A, equal to a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 1.4 × 10⁻¹⁶ W at the 730 nm peak responsivity, was obtained at a 100 s integration time constant. The radiometers, optimized for ac measurements, were tested in a dc measurement mode as well. Performances in ac and dc measurement modes were compared. In the ac mode, a ten times shorter (40 s) overall measurement time was needed than in the dc mode (400 s) to obtain the same 10⁻¹⁶ A noise floor.     

微波辐射计的功率非线性对标定天线温度的影响

微波辐射计通过两点定标反演天线温度依赖的是辐射计的输入功率与输出电压的线性关系。通过分析平方律检波器的输入功率与输出电压的关系，导出非线性系数与由口面定标法反演的天线温度误差的关系式。定量说明了功率非线性度引入误差的大小．通过计算分析得出两种定标系统（地面遥感和星载遥感）对功率非线性度的要求。     

Improved Near-Infrared Spectral Responsivity Scale

A cryogenic radiometer-based system was constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology for absolute radiometric measurements to improve detector spectral power responsivity scales in the wavelength range from 900 nm to 1800 nm. In addition to the liquid-helium-cooled cryogenic radiometer, the system consists of a 100 W quartz-tungsten-halogen lamp light source and a 1 m single-grating monochromator for wavelength selection. The system was characterized and the uncertainty in spectral power responsivity measurements evaluated. A variety of photodetectors, including indium gallium arsenide photodiodes (InGaAs), germanium (Ge) photodiodes, and pyroelectric detectors, were subsequently calibrated. Over most of the spectral range, the spectral power responsivity of the photodetectors can be measured with a combined relative standard uncertainty of 0.4 % or less. This is more than a factor of two smaller than our previous capabilities, and represents a significant improvement in the near infrared (NIR) spectral power responsivity scale maintained at NIST. We discuss the characterization of the monochromator-based system and present results of photodetector spectral power responsivity calibrations.     

基于航天单色仪的在轨辐射定标应用与发展

叙述了广泛应用的光栅单色仪的色散原理,介绍了其常用的几种反射式水平成像系统的光学结构型式,描述了其波长定标和能量定标方法。对搭载航天单色仪的几个现有遥感仪器,如中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)、太阳光谱分光计(SOLSPEC)、太阳后向散射紫外辐射计(SBUV)、紫外臭氧垂直探测仪-太阳后向散射紫外探测仪(UOVPP-SBUS)以及欧洲航天局(ESA)的TRUTHS项目等在辐射测量、光谱定标和绝对定标方面的应用现状进行了说明。最后讨论了未来航天单色仪可能的发展趋势及应用前景,指出采用太阳光源、航天单色仪和低温绝对辐射计相结合的绝对定标系统将是今后最具潜力的发展方向之一。     

用MFRSR仪器观测气溶胶光学厚度

气溶胶对激光大气传输有着重要的影响。MFRSR(多光谱旋转遮蔽影带辐射计)是一种用于地基辐射和气溶胶测量的仪器。该仪器使用自动旋转影带技术同时在七个波段交替进行总的水平辐射和漫射水平辐射测量,然后推算得出直接辐射。其中6个波段的中心波长分别是414.3nm,495.3nm,613.7nm,671.5nm,867.6nm,939.3nm,还有一个硅探测器进行宽波段太阳总辐射测量。本文首先介绍了MFRSR仪器及其定标和资料处理方法,然后利用香河观测站2004-2005年MFRSR观测资料,分析了气溶胶的统计特性。为了说明利用MFRSR观测气溶胶光学厚度的可靠性,我们将MFRSR与AERONET的观测结果进行了比较,结果表明二者在500nm、670nm和870nm三个波段的平均偏差分别为-0.021,-0.009,-0.004;标准差分别为0.067,0.051,0.050。文中还对造成二者偏差的原因进行了讨论。     

反涂层隐身地面金属目标的毫米波辐射探测方法

针对涂层隐身地面金属目标难以探测的现实问题,从辐射探测角度研究了毫米波交流辐射计用于发动机工作状态下涂层隐身地面金属目标探测的新方法.在对毫米波交流辐射计系统组成及工作原理论述的基础上,结合不同条件下目标辐射特性的特点,对毫米波辐射探测技术反涂层隐身地面金属目标的机理和方法进行分析,并给出理论计算结果,然后利用研制的3 mm频段全功率交流辐射计,在草地背景上进行了一系列模拟探测实验.实验结果与理论分析相吻合,验证了毫米波辐射探测技术反涂层隐身地面金属目标的可行性和有效性,从而为反涂层隐身技术提供了一种新思路.     

二维圆周阵列综合孔径微波辐射计信道误差分析

给出了一种综合孔径微波辐射计二维圆周非均匀分布阵列的排布方案,并在此基础上分析了信道串扰、信道不平衡、系统噪声等产生的误差,建立了各种误差的特性仿真模型.然后给出了各误差的补偿方法及噪声的消除方法,通过BG反演算法实现了在各种误差下的亮温反演,证明了以上误差补偿的有效性.     

Improved broadband solar irradiance from the multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer

Approximations to total and diffuse horizontal and direct normal, broadband solar irradiance (280–4000 nm) can be obtained from the multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) using the unfiltered silicon channel of this seven-channel instrument. However, the unfiltered silicon channel only responds to wavelengths between 300 and 1100 nm and does not have a uniform spectral response. In contrast, the best, more expensive, first-class, thermopile-based radiometers respond fairly uniformly to all solar wavelengths. While the total horizontal and direct normal solar irradiance measurements made with the MFRSR unfiltered silicon channel are reasonable if carefully calibrated with a thermopile radiometer, the diffuse horizontal irradiance calibrated in this way has a large bias. These issues are common to all inexpensive, silicon-cell, solar pyranometers. In this paper we use a multivariate, linear regression technique for approximating the thermopile-measured total, diffuse, and direct broadband solar irradiances using the six, narrowband filters and the open-channel of an MFRSR. The calibration of the MFRSR for broadband solar by comparing various combinations of MFRSR channels to first-class thermopile instruments is illustrated, and methods to track the instrument response during field deployments are investigated. We also suggest an approach to calibrate the open-channel for all three components that could improve measurements that are made using typical, commercial, silicon-cell pyranometers.