Critical transistors nexus based circuit-level aging assessment and prediction

Accurate age modeling, and fast, yet robust reliability sign-off emerged as mandatory constraints in Integrated Circuits (ICs) design for advanced process technology nodes. In this paper we introduce a novel method to assess and predict the circuit reliability at design time as well as at run-time. The main goal of our proposal is to allow for: (i) design time reliability optimization; (ii) fine tuning of the run-time reliability assessment infrastructure, and (iii) run-time aging assessment. To this end, we propose to select a minimum-size kernel of critical transistors and based on them to assess and predict an IC End-Of-Life (EOL) via two methods: (i) as the sum of the critical transistors end-of-life values, weighted by fixed topology-dependent coefficients, and (ii) by a Markovian framework applied to the critical transistors, which takes into account the joint effects of process, environmental, and temporal variations. The former model exploits the aging dependence on the circuit topology to enable fast run-time reliability assessment with minimum aging sensors requirements. By allowing the performance boundary to vary in time such that both remnant and nonremnant variations are encompassed, and imposing a Markovian evolution, the probabilistic model can be better fitted to various real conditions, thus enabling at design-time appropriate guardbands selection and effective aging mitigation/compensation techniques. The proposed framework has been validated for different stress conditions, under process variations and aging effects, for the ISCAS-85 c499 circuit, in PTM 45 nm technology. From the total of 1526 transistors, we obtained a kernel of 15 critical transistors, for which the set of topology dependent weights were derived. Our simulation results for 15 critical transistors kernel indicate a small approximation error (i.e., mean smaller than 15% and standard deviation smaller than 6%) for the considered circuit estimated end-of-life (EOL), when comparing to the end-of-life values obtained from Cadence simulation, which quantitatively confirm the accuracy of the IC lifetime evaluation. Moreover, as the number of critical transistors determines the area overhead, we also investigated the implications of reducing their number on the reliability assessment accuracy. When only 5 transistors are included into the critical set instead of 15, which results in a 66% area overhead reduction, the EOL estimation accuracy diminished with 18%. This indicates that area vs. accuracy trade-offs are possible, while maintaining the aging prediction accuracy within reasonable bounds.     

Performance evaluation of an importance sampling technique in a Jackson network

Importance sampling is a technique that is commonly used to speed up Monte Carlo simulation of rare events. However, little is known regarding the design of efficient importance sampling algorithms in the context of queueing networks. The standard approach, which simulates the system using an a priori fixed change of measure suggested by large deviation analysis, has been shown to fail in even the simplest network settings. Estimating probabilities associated with rare events has been a topic of great importance in queueing theory, and in applied probability at large. In this article, we analyse the performance of an importance sampling estimator for a rare event probability in a Jackson network. This article carries out strict deadlines to a two-node Jackson network with feedback whose arrival and service rates are modulated by an exogenous finite state Markov process. We have estimated the probability of network blocking for various sets of parameters, and also the probability of missing the deadline of customers for different loads and deadlines. We have finally shown that the probability of total population overflow may be affected by various deadline values, service rates and arrival rates.     

高职院校特色专业监控体系建设研究

近年来,高职院校都比较注重特色专业的建设。其中,特色专业建设的监控体系也受到了高职院校的重视,并取得了一定的效果,同时,也给其他院校提供了有价值的参考和借鉴。但由于在认识水平、管理水平和教学水平等方面仍有一些问题,导致在监控过程和措施实施方面还存在许多疏漏,有待完善。     

发酵法生产甘油的技术经济评述

介绍了甘油的国内外市场状况及发酵法生产甘油的技术进展，对１０００ｔ／ａ的发酵法甘油装置进行了经济评价。     

Conditional probability Markov chain simulation based reliability analysis method for nonnormal variables

Based on fast Markov chain simulation for generating the samples distributed in failure region and saddlepoint approximation(SA) technique,an efficient reliability analysis method is presented to evaluate the small failure probability of non-linear limit state function(LSF) with non-normal variables.In the presented method,the failure probability of the non-linear LSF is transformed into a product of the failure probability of the introduced linear LSF and a feature ratio factor.The introduced linear LSF wh...     

基于淘宝的卖家信用动态评价模型改进研究

在C2C电子商务中,卖家的信用评价成为买方规避不确定性与交易风险的重要指标。目前国内以淘宝为代表的C2C电子商务采用的信用评价方法是简单的互评机制。这种方法在实际应用中忽略了信用的生命周期、信用的评价权重、顾客满意度评价尺度差异等重要因素,得出的卖方信用水平与其实际值偏离较大。论文在已有信用评价方法中引入信用的评价权重、顾客满意度评价尺度差异、初始评价值等因素,对已有的信用评价方法与模型做出改进。改进后的动态信用评价模型较好地解决了目前存在的信用评价失真问题,具有一定的现实意义。     

深基坑工程安全评价的尖点突变模型

为评价深基坑工程失稳的突变特征,采用突变理论建立了深基坑工程尖点突变安全评价模型.根据工程安全监控理论,引入突变理论,以基坑水平变形为例,考虑深基坑土体的流变特性,建立了基于时效影响因子的深基坑工程尖点突变安全评价模型.实例分析表明,尖点突变安全评价模型克服了采用常规设置监控值评价时参数选择困难,并能反映基坑失稳突变性的特点,可以量化评价基坑安全程度,正确评价安全状态,具有适应性强、精度高的优点.     

天然气管道事故严重度评价体系研究

为解决由于天然气管道管材的老化、腐蚀以及外力破坏引发事故的评价问题,以目标层、准则层和指标层3层结构体系,构建了天然气管道事故严重度评价体系,该体系从管道类型、事故类型、事故发生地点和事故已有损失4个方面来评价事故的严重程度,采用百分制权重加和法得到事故严重度指标值G,依据G值大小将事故分为3个等级,评估结果可以为管理层提供参考,为制定天然气管道事故抢修抢险方案起到导向作用.     

片上网络中有保障服务的性能评估

本文针对如何评测片上网络中的有保障服务(Guaranteed-Services,GS)对尽力而为(Best-Effort,BE)流量的传输性能的影响进行了研究,提出了评测重点及相关性能指标,给出了构建网络流量的方法,采用了一种分层逐级抽象的方法搭建了支持任意拓扑结构、任意规模、多种网络协议的性能评估平台,实现了对片上网络中GS服务的性能评估.评测实例的结果表明该平台达到了评价片上网络中GS服务的服务质量和分析GS服务对网络整体性能的影响的目的,有效的帮助设计者在保障局部服务质量的同时提高网络性能,为设计优化提供了依据.     

服务质量要求下的分布式网络可靠性计算方法

为了评估构建在互联网络环境中,具有服务质量要求的分布式网络可靠性能,研究出一套可靠性指标计算方法.首先按照服务质量要求,在赋有权值的网络中计算出分布式节点间所有路由.然后根据这些路由建立满足服务质量要求的网络邻接矩阵,对邻接矩阵进行分解与整合等变换运算,求得不交化网络状态集.最后根据不交化网络状态集得到可靠性指标的计算式,进而完成可靠性指标计算.论述了算法每个关键环节的正确性,通过算例和实验结果充分说明了新算法的合理性.