End‐use analysis of household water by metering: the case study in Korea

The purpose of this study is to estimate the real water use for a person per day by analysing water use trend of respective metered data. To investigate the unit amount used and component ratio of residential water usage in households, 146 households nationwide were selected as ‘representative samples’, and each end‐use usage was monitored by actual metering from 2002 to 2006. From the results of analysing the acquired data, it was found that the unit amount used in a household was 165.8 litres per capita day (lpcd). Additionally, the unit amount used consisted of six end‐uses; toilet water was the greatest, at 25% (38.5 lpcd), laundry water represented 20% (30.8 lpcd), kitchen water was 19% (28.4 lpcd), bathtub water was 16% (24.7 lpcd), washbowl water was 10% (15.4 lpcd) and miscellaneous use of water represented 9% (13.5%). Comparing the unit amount used according to housing type, 141 lpcd was shown in the case of single houses, and 155 and 159 lpcd were derived in the cases of multi‐unit houses and apartments, respectively. Moreover, the proportions of the aged (50 and over) among the total number of members in single, multihouse and apartment houses were 68.2, 38.1 and 32.4%, respectively. In addition, comparing the amount used and the component ratio among United Kingdom, United States and Korea, the end‐use amount and component ratio in Korea are similar to those in the United States. The total amount of water use in the United Kingdom was less than that in both Korea and the United States.     

创新和完善水利建设项目法人责任制的思考

创新水利建设管理体制，需要完善项目法人责任制的实现形式，通过招标择优选定或政府确定专业项目管理机构作为建设期的项目法人，工程建成后移交管理运行单位管理。创新水利工程投入机制，要在准公益性工程建设中发挥政府投资的积极性和市场配置资源的基础性作用，通过水价形成机制改革，从资本市场筹集建设资金。创新水利建设制度管理，主要围绕造价的静态控制、动态管理，达到控制工程总投资规模的目标。     

Verfügbarkeit von Zigaretten

In Germany, tobacco products are available everywhere 24 h the day. Specialist shops, kiosks, super markets, petrol stations and vending machines supply smokers with cigarettes. This study examines the differential use of the several channels of supply. Four representative random samples from general population were investigated. All together, 12,218 subjects aged 14 to 97 were interviewed (computer assisted personal interviews). 3.602 subjects (30 % of the entire sample) reported to be smokers. Young adults, men, employed subjects, subjects with university degree and very high income as well as smokers from the western part of Germany and with high level of consumption supply tobacco products more often at petrol stations. In kiosks, especially men, subjects with university degree and from the western part of Germany buy tobacco products. Adolescents buy cigarettes less frequently than adults in the super market, which is named more often by women and subjects from the western part of Germany. Vending machines supply especially adolescents with cigarettes, furthermore also men, subjects with partner, employed persons, subjects from the western part of Germany and smokers with higher level of consumption. Friends as a source of supply are indicated more often by adolescents and subjects with partner. Subjects from the eastern part of Germany and with higher level of consumption buy tobacco products more often abroad. High availability should also account for the high prevalence of smoking in Germany compared to other countries. First restrictions of the ubiquitous access to tobacco products were already implemented in Germany. Further steps up to the exclusive sale of tobacco products in licensed specialist shops are desirable components of a comprehensive tobacco control programme, since restrictions of availability should contribute to a reduction of smoking in the general population. Eingegangen: 16. Mai 2007; angenommen: 30. Mai 2007     

基于体外发酵研究膳食纤维复合体对老年人肠道菌群的调节作用

该研究旨在探究膳食纤维复合体（Dietary Fiber Complex，DFC）对代表性人体肠道菌群及其代谢物的调节。采集10位65~75岁老年人的粪便，分性别开展DFC干预的体外发酵实验。结果发现，2%添加量的DFC组干预效果最好，其中女性组大肠杆菌属、拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、乳酸杆菌属的相对表达量为对照组的52.76%、43.40%、249.79%和232.99%，男性组大肠杆菌属、拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属和乳酸杆菌属的相对表达量为对照组的44.02%、53.14%、228.71%和206.11%。显著差异的肠道菌群代谢物中，女性组的异丁酸、丙酸、甲酸相对丰度显著增加（P<0.01），蛋氨酸、组氨酸、β-葡萄糖、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、丙三醇、天冬氨酸、精氨酸、1-甲基组氨酸的相对丰度显著减少（P<0.01），男性组的异丁酸、丙酸、丁酸盐、甲酸相对丰度显著增加（P<0.01），组氨酸、β-葡萄糖、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸和天冬氨酸相对丰度显著减少（P<0.01），二者潜在的代谢途径都为组氨酸代谢与苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成。研究结果表明DFC对人体肠道菌群及代谢物的调节作用明显，且在不同性别上潜在的代谢途径变化一致。     

薄煤层超长面安全高效开采配套设备及工艺实践

通过对薄煤层超长面科学优化设计,以降成低耗、降低矿井掘进率、提高单面回采储量、安全高效为原则,选择合理的配套设备,改进回采工艺,加强安全技术措施管理,创出了薄煤层超长工作面开采经验和技术数据,107采煤队月产达到3.75万t新水平,实现了薄煤层超长高档工作面安全高效。     

The limits of metrological correctness of the Struya shaper

The hydrodynamic features and problems of the metrological correctness of the Struya flow meter shaper are considered. The instrument is designed to measure the flow rate of a liquid, to produce a uniform flow and to provide representative samples for subsequent analysis of the composition of a fluid dispersed medium. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 54–59, September, 2008.     

Block-by-block approaches for spectrum fatigue crack growth prediction

Two block-by-block approaches for improving spectrum fatigue crack growth prediction were proposed and developed in this paper from the observations and analyses of fatigue crack growth behaviours in either representative specimens or real aircraft structures under flight spectrum loading by using the quantitative fractography method. The first approach is the flight-by-flight approach that can be used to predict crack growth history curves for a tested spectrum crack growth data at different stress level for a critical location. The second approach called the effective block approach can be used to predict crack growth histories for un-tested spectra based on some previously tested spectrum crack growth data. In order to demonstrate the robustness of the block-by-block approaches for aircraft damage tolerance analysis, verification and consistency studies were conducted and presented using fatigue test results for different aircraft structures under several flight spectra. It was found that the block-by-block approaches are able to provide significant advantages over conventional fatigue lifing approaches for aircraft damage tolerance analysis.     

考虑相似日的短期负荷改进粒子群预测方法

短期负荷预测是电力系统安全经济运行管理的一个基本环节。提出了基于相似日和改进粒子群算法的短期负荷预测方法,在相似负荷曲线中寻找最佳预测负荷曲线,并采用随机变异机制增强粒子群体的多样性。仿真算例验证了上述算法的有效性。     

广州地域1999～2008年地闪密度图及雷电参数分析

为掌握高雷区雷电活动规律,以广州地区1999~2008年间雷电定位数据为基础,利用雷电参数统计技术及综合分析平台,结合GIS系统,详细研究了广州地域地闪总数、地闪密度、雷电幅值、雷电幅值概率分布及雷电日等重要雷电参数。研究表明广州地区地闪分布季节性明显,54%~83%的地闪主要集中在夏季;地闪密度空间分布具有较强的规律性,与海拔高度关系密切,相比雷电日更能科学反映实际雷电活动分布和变化特征;正负极性雷电流幅值均有明显的集中性。以广州电网500 kV蓄增甲线为例,分析得到走廊沿线雷电活动与雷击故障具有较强的相关性,对于解决高雷区长期电网防雷难题更有指导意义。