THE EFFECT OF TIME OF DRESSING ON THE FLOWERING BEHAVIOUR AND YIELD OF HOPS VARIETY LATE CLUSTER

The Late Cluster variety of hops when introduced to Kashmir (India) from USA gave two flowering flushes in a growing season, thus giving two harvests. By adjusting the date of dressing (root pruning) from December to May 15 the abnormal flowering behaviour of the plant could be altered from two flushes to only one. Plants dressed late in spring, April 15 to May 1, gave the highest cone yield which was expressed in only one harvest. This also produced the highest α-acids content.     

在进行自动站地面逐日数据维护时应注意的问题

在逐日数据维护中，对一些不正常的数据进行替换，对缺测时次资料进行重新卸载保存，保存正确数据，以保证B文件的完整、正确。本文主要介绍了进行逐日数据维护时需要注意的几个方面。     

Measurements of Head Variations within Observation Boreholes and their Implications for Groundwater Monitoring

As part of several groundwater investigations of the Permo-Triassic Sandstone aquifers in north west England, a detailed measurement of piezometric heads and groundwater flow within observation boreholes was made which showed that vertical differences of groundwater heads persist within aquifers. A number of case histories of these studies are presented, which are used to consider the impact of head variations on typical groundwater level and groundwater quality measurements taken in observation boreholes, with a view to recommending design criteria for observation boreholes and groundwater monitoring programmes.     

典型天气下大跨度日光温室内的微气候特点

为了解大跨度日光温室在典型天气下室内微气候环境特点，对沈阳地区一座跨度12m日光温室阴天、晴天情况下的室内外太阳辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度以及各壁（土壤、薄膜、后坡、墙体）内表面的热流量、表面温度进行了测试。1月份阴天、晴天测试结果显示：晴天时太阳辐射透过率日均值近60％；揭帘后至夜间（9：00—23：00），晴天室内空气平均温度比阴天高5．5℃；夜间（18：00－23：00）0．2m土壤温度平均值晴天为11．6℃、阴天为9．9℃；前屋面、后坡几乎全天从室内吸热，土壤及后墙向室内平均放热量是阴天的1．5倍；晴天室内空气日均相对湿度为87％，阴天为93％。     

Rapport Du Representant De La SCP Au Conseil National De La Planification Scientifique De L'association Canadienne D'Hygiene Mentale.

Presents the report of the Canadian Psychological Association representative to the National Scientific Planning Council of the Canadian Mental Health Association. The purpose of this report is to communicate in very brief form the activities of the Council which are most likely to be of interest to psychologists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sleepiness in professional drivers: effect of age and time of day

The effect of age and time of day on objective and subjective sleepiness in professional drivers was investigated during a simulated driving task. Thirty-six young and middle-aged professional males drivers, free from any sleep disorder, took part in two simulated driving sessions; one carried out in the afternoon (between 2 and 4 p.m.) the other in the evening (between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m.). Half of each age group drove in a low traffic condition while the second half drove in a heavy traffic condition. Throughout the driving task, subjects' electroencephalogram and Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS) scores were recorded. Visual analog scales measuring alertness and sleepiness levels were also completed before and after the driving. After each session, subjects filled out the NASA-TLX questionnaire and were asked if they had felt sleepy during the driving. Young professional drivers presented a significant decrease in alertness (raise of the spectral power in the alpha band) in the low traffic condition and a strong propensity to sleep during the evening test in contrast to middle-aged professional drivers.     

Determination of a representative volume element based on the variability of mechanical properties with sample size in bread

Quantitative analysis of food structure is commonly obtained by image analysis of a small portion of the material that may not be the representative of the whole sample. In order to quantify structural parameters (air cells) of 2 types of bread (bread and bagel) the concept of representative volume element (RVE) was employed. The RVE for bread, bagel, and gelatin-gel (used as control) was obtained from the relationship between sample size and the coefficient of variation, calculated from the apparent Young's modulus measured on 25 replicates. The RVE was obtained when the coefficient of variation for different sample sizes converged to a constant value. In the 2 types of bread tested, the tendency of the coefficient of variation was to decrease as the sample size increased, while in the homogeneous gelatin-gel, it remained always constant around 2.3% to 2.4%. The RVE resulted to be cubes with sides of 45 mm for bread, 20 mm for bagels, and 10 mm for gelatin-gel (smallest sample tested). The quantitative image analysis as well as visual observation demonstrated that bread presented the largest dispersion of air-cell sizes. Moreover, both the ratio of maximum air-cell area/image area and maximum air-cell height/image height were greater for bread (values of 0.05 and 0.30, respectively) than for bagels (0.03 and 0.20, respectively). Therefore, the size and the size variation of air cells present in the structure determined the size of the RVE. It was concluded that RVE is highly dependent on the heterogeneity of the structure of the types of baked products.     

Representative velocity scale of Rayleigh-Bénard convection with shear-thinning fluids

Although natural convection is frequently encountered in various chemical processes, Rayleigh number (Ra) cannot be defined fully in shear-thinning fluid systems. In particular, the velocity scale, which is necessary to estimate the effective viscosity of the system, should be discussed carefully. Thus, in this study, the representative velocity scale of Rayleigh-Bénard (RB) convection, which is a typical example of natural convection, with shear-thinning fluids was investigated based on the velocity fields obtained using computational fluid dynamics. Numerical simulations revealed that the critical temperature difference at which RB convection starts to fully develop decreases with an increase in the shear-thinning property. The shear-thinning property also induced subcritical bifurcation. In addition, the velocity scale of convection increases with an increase in the shear-thinning property. Thus, the shear-thinning property is considered to accelerate convection. Compared with several types of velocity scales used by other researchers, significant deviations from the actual scale were observed. Therefore, a new type of velocity scale, including the buoyant to viscous force ratio, arbitrary parameter, and thermal diffusivity, was proposed. The proposed velocity scale allowed an approximate estimation of the actual velocity scale. Although further investigation of the validity is necessary with varying geometries and rheological parameters, this velocity scale will be useful for controlling RB convection with Newtonian/shear-thinning fluids.     

Research on capacity addition using market model with transmission congestion under competitive environment

In this research, the fundamental premises for deregulation of the electric power industry are reevaluated. The authors develop a simple model to represent the wholesale electricity market with a highly congested network. The model is developed by simplifying the power system and market in the New York ISO based on available data for the New York ISO in 2004 along with some estimation. Based on the developed model and construction cost data from the past, the economic impact of transmission line addition on market participants and the impact of deregulation on power plant additions in a market with transmission congestion are studied. Simulation results show that market signals may fail to facilitate proper capacity additions and results in the undesirable overconstruction and insufficient construction cycle of capacity addition. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(3): 11–20, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21013     

改进网格法及其在雷电参数统计中的应用

为改善采用网格法得出雷电参数统计值可信度与空间精度不够高的缺陷而提出了改进网格法,该方法将传统网格法的单一参数(网络面积)扩展到双参数(网络面积和观测范围)。以重庆市某年雷电定位数据为例,比较分析了传统网格法和改进网格法在雷电日、雷电小时、地闪密度3类雷电参数统计时的差异。统计结果表明,采用改进网格法时3类统计值均不会随网格精度的提高而出现显著变化,其可信度及空间精度均高于传统网格法,且所得雷电参数的物理意义更明确。改进网格法可为提高差异化防雷设计提供支持。