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31.
Transport problems typically involve at least two types of constraints, on income and on time. Therefore, the indirect utility
function depends either on the income available after having subtracted the cost of the discrete alternative and on the free
time left after having worked and travelled by each competing option. In the typical linear-in-the-attributes and in-the-parameters
specification, that represents the first grade approximation of the indirect utility function, the effect of income and time
constraints cancel out and only the cost and time of the alternatives matter in the comparison between them. From a microeconomic
point of view this is equivalent to assume that income and time effects could be disregarded; which is not always the case.
To account for these effects the utility function should include second order attributes; however, in non-linear utility functions
it may not be easy to distinguish among several effects that could be relevant: direct preferences for good and leisure, and
simple interactions between attributes other than income and time effects. This paper analyses these effects from a theoretical
point of view focusing on the possible confounding problem in detecting income and time effects. We use a dataset collected
for a modal choice context and containing both revealed and stated preference data, and estimate several NL models examining
the effect of the different second-order terms on detecting income and time effects. We compared specifications including
square cost and time attributes, interactions between time and cost, cost divided by the income available to be spent on free
time, and time multiplied by free time. Our results confirm the strong effect of direct preferences for goods and leisure
time on choice, and the potential confounding effect between quadratic attributes and other non-linear omitted terms. Finally,
we also found that care should be taken in highlighting income and time effects using mixed data sources, since confounding
effects can occur when non-linearities are accounted for in both data sets. 相似文献
32.
Many real-world problems are multi-objective optimization problems and evolutionary algorithms are quite successful on such problems. Since the task is to compute or approximate the Pareto front, multi-objective optimization problems are considered as more difficult than single-objective problems. One should not forget that the fitness vector with respect to more than one objective contains more information that in principle can direct the search of evolutionary algorithms. Therefore, it is possible that a single-objective problem can be solved more efficiently via a generalized multi-objective model of the problem. That this is indeed the case is proved by investigating the computation of minimum spanning trees.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) as part of the Collaborative Research Center Computational Intelligence (SFB 531) and by the German-Israeli Foundation (GIF) in the project Robustness Aspects of Algorithms. 相似文献
33.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND EXPERI- MENT OF UNSTEADY THERMAL FIELD OF ROTOR PLATE FOR EDDY CURRENT RETARDER 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
LIU Chengye HE Ren 《机械工程学报(英文版)》2008,21(4):71-75
The physical model based on heat transfer theory and virtual boundary method for analyzing unsteady thermal field of rotor plate for eddy current retarder used in automobile is established and boundary conditions are also defined. The finite element governing equation is derived by Galerkin method. The time differential item is discrete based on Galerkin format that is stable at any condition. And a new style of varying time step method is used in iteration process. The thermal field on the rotor plate at the radial and axle directions is analyzed and varying temperature at appointed points on two side-surfaces is measured. The testing and analytical data are uniform approximately. Finite element method can be used for estimating thermal field of the rotor plate at initial design stage of eddy current retarder. 相似文献
34.
节能降耗提高矿山效益 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
节能降耗是每一个矿山提高经济效益的有效途径。我们采取提高球磨机处理能力,降低单耗;利用“分时计价”政策,采用“避峰作业”;使用新设备等措施节能降耗,提高矿山经济效益。 相似文献
35.
36.
Review of Arthur R. Jensen (2006)--Clocking the mind: Mental chronometry and individual differences.
Reviews the book Clocking the Mind: Mental chronometry and individual differences by Arthur Jensen (see record 2006-20276-000). Mental chronometry, as Arthur Jensen stresses, is the study of reaction time (RT) in its various guises, contexts, and applications. As with respect to much of experimental psychology (cognitive and other), there is a venerable past here lying in the background, providing a wide-ranging context in which to embed our current (that is, our 40-odd year) preoccupation with RT as a primary dependent measure in cognitive psychology. This recent book, Clocking the Mind: Mental Chronometry and Individual Differences (published by Elsevier), weds both differential psychology's concern with the measurement of individual differences in RT (e.g., Austin, Deary, Gibson, McGregor, & Dent, 1998) and experimental psychology's concern with "the effects of manipulating various external conditions on variation in the measurements of RT" (p. 1). The reader of this journal will most probably be more familiar with the latter use of RT in the literature, especially when embedded within such familiar experimental tasks as those tapping both Garner and Stroop effects (Pansky & Algom, 1999). The book should be perused with care in order to ensure the further profitable use of RT in both experimental and differential lines of research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
37.
38.
Shackelford Todd K.; Goetz Aaron T.; McKibbin William F.; Starratt Valerie G. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,121(2):214
Sperm competition occurs when the sperm of multiple males concurrently occupy the reproductive tract of a female and compete to fertilize an egg. We used a questionnaire to investigate psychological responses to the risk of sperm competition for 237 men in committed, sexual relationships. As predicted, a man who spends a greater (relative to a man who spends a lesser) proportion of time apart from his partner since the couple's last copulation reported (a) greater sexual interest in his partner, (b) greater distress in response to his partner's sexual rejection, and (c) greater sexual persistence in response to his partner's sexual rejection. All effects were independent of total time since the couple's last copulation and the man's relationship satisfaction. Discussion addresses limitations of the current research and situates the current results within the broader comparative literature on adaptation to sperm competition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
39.
企业实施精益生产的探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过描述造成企业经济效益差的原因之一——浪费,提出了如何实施精益生产,消除企业浪费,以提高企业经济效益. 相似文献
40.
The paper investigates the performance of various time stepping schemes for coupled displacement and pore pressure analysis.
A number of alternative forms of the automatic time stepping method proposed by Sloan and Abbo (1999a) are also presented.
These alternative schemes use different updates for the displacements and pore pressures and also adopt different starting
conditions for the iterations. The automatic schemes are compared with an implicit θ-method, as well as an explicit method,
through analysis of a variety of problems involving undrained loading, drained loading, and consolidation for Mohr-Coulomb
and critical state models. As expected, the numerical results confirm that the explicit scheme is neither accurate nor robust.
Although the implicit θ-method is accurate and fast, it fails to give a solution in a number of cases where the time step
is large. The automatic schemes are shown to be accurate, fast and generally robust. Two of the automatic schemes proposed
never fail to furnish a solution for the cases considered. In addition, all the automatic schemes are able to constrain the
time-stepping (temporal integration) error in the displacements and pore pressures to lie near a prescribed tolerance, provided
the iteration error tolerance is properly chosen. For complex soil models, it is important that the latter is set sufficiently
small in order for the schemes to be able to constrain the time-stepping error to lie within a prescribed tolerance.
Dedicated to the memory of Prof. Mike Crisfield, for his cheerfulness and cooperation as a colleague and friend over many
years. 相似文献