Spontaneous emulsification aspect of enhanced oil recovery

Recent studies have suggested the possibility of spontaneous emulsification as a mechanism for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The discussions have, however, remained essentially qualitative. A study was therefore undertaken to estimate quantitatively the contribution of spontaneous emulsification as an EOR mechanism. The tests were conducted on several bulk liquid/liquid systems as well as by displacement experiments in unconsolidated synthetic sand packs. Spontaneous emulsification was found to be a mechanism for EOR: the estimated extra contribution to EOR due to this mechanism was found to be significant in laboratory scale displacement experiments. Tertiary recovery was always greater when spontaneous emulsification was evident than otherwise. Results of tests on bulk liquid/liquid systems indicate that the occurrence or absence of spontaneous emulsification can be correlated with the values of ‘partition parameter’. It may be concluded that higher oil recoveries may be achieved in chemical EOR processes where interface mass transfer (and the accompanying spontaneous emulsification) occurs. The evaluation of efficiency of residual oil mobilisation through the capillary number theory (with and without spontaneous emulsification) is also discussed. Displacement tests with spontaneously emulsifying systems showed that residual oil left behind a conventional waterflood was mobilised in a range of capillary numbers much less than that which applies to low-tension waterfloods.     

热环工作特性的理论分析与实验研究

热环是用于非相邻冷热源间热量传递或余热回收的节能装置。本文对热环的基本原理、特点进行了简要介绍 ,在此基础上 ,分析建立了热环的输热能力、输热系数、工作温度等性能指标的计算方程 ,并进行了较系统的实验研究     

二级采油技术在文南油田的应用

为解决文南油田高油气比井泵效低的问题，引进了二级采油技术。该技术采用特殊的二级采油工具，充分利用油井高油气比的特点，从而达到提高泵效的目的。文南油田30口井的现场试验表明，该技术应用后，平均单井泵效提高6%以上，平均单井视动液面下降739m，累积增油7560t。     

Ionoluminescence decay measured with single ions

A new ion beam analysis-based, single ion technique called the time to first photon has been developed to measure the decay of the luminescence signal of phosphors. Such measurements are currently needed to study luminescence decay mechanisms following high-density excitations and to identify strongly luminescent phosphor coatings with short lifetimes for ion photon emission microscopy (IPEM). The samples for this technique consist of thin phosphor layers placed or coated on the surface of PIN diodes. Single ions from an accelerator strike this sample and simultaneously create ion beam induced luminescence (IBIL) from the phosphor that is measured by a single-photon-detector, and an ion beam induced charge collection (IBICC) signal in the PIN diode. In this case, the IBICC signal provides the start pulse and the IBIL signal the stop pulse to a time to amplitude converter. It is straightforward to show that this approach also measures a signal proportional to activity versus time with an accuracy of 5% as long as the number of detected photons per ion is less than 0.1, which usually requires the use of absorbers for the IBIL detector or electronic discrimination for the IBIL signals. Details of the new analysis are given together with examples of luminescence decay measurements of several ceramic phosphors being considered to coat IPEM samples. IPEM is currently being developed at Sandia National Laboratory (SNL), the University of North Texas in Denton, and the Universities and INFN of Padova and Torino.     

工程监理取费偏低,阻碍监理行业发展

工程监理制在我国建筑市场中，对提高工程质量、控制投资效益起着极其重要的作用，目前我国工程监理行业在低取费的条件下，困难重重，只能维持低水平运行。我们应找出存在的差距，采取相应的措施，适当提高监理取费，使监理行业迅速发展壮大。     

微生物提高采收率技术在吉林油田的应用研究

介绍吉林油田筛选微生物菌种、菌种分类、菌种性能评价等室内研究技术和微生物放大发酵工艺、注入工艺。综合评价微生物采油现场试验研究及试验效果，讨论微生物在地层中的生长繁殖、运移及提高采收率机理。图2表5参9（李羡春摘）     

ENHANCED RECOVERY OF MEDIUM CRUDE OIL IN HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIRS USING AIR INJECTION/IN SITU COMBUSTION—HORIZONTAL WELL TECHNOLOGY

A simple 3-D physical model has been developed to investigate the use of in-situ combustion in heterogeneous reservoirs. Gas over-ride phenomena is one of the major causes of instability of combustion process; gas override results in poor sweep efficiency with subsequent low oil recovery. However, the use of horizontal wells in direct line drive arrangement has shown a great deal of combustion stability and propagation by means of controlling gas override This paper has extended the scope of using horizontal wells in direct line drive configuration in heterogeneous reservoirs. Three cases of reservoir heterogeneity were investigated in this study. In the first case, a dual-layer permeability of sand was used (a high permeability layer on top and a low permeability layer on bottom); in the second case, placement of the aforementioned layers was swapped, and in the third case, a high permeability streak was sandwiched between two low permeability layers of fine sand. The results indicated that a stable combustion front has been achieved in the first two cases with a high oil recovery, however the performance of the combustion process markedly deteriorated when a high permeability streak layer was utilised as a result of a severe low temperature oxidation due to oxygen channelling through the streak, with subsequent poor sweep efficiency and in turn low oil recovery. The use of horizontal wells as producers and injectors in a line drive configuration is beneficial and effective for minimising the effect of reservoir heterogeneity to some extent.     

成藏流体历史分析——以黄骅坳陷三马地区为例

应用储集层岩石烃类流体包裹体研究方法，对黄骅坳陷三马地区沙一段油藏进行了重建成藏流体历史的尝试。对包体流体状态的分析表明，成藏流体具有高密度，高矿化度的性质，被捕获时的温度约为110－140℃，成藏流体的主要充注时期在明化镇组沉积期，距今为10－4Ma之前，充注成藏后的小幅度构造抬升中可能使原称油水界面以下的地层水矿化度发生变化，导致现今储集层流体矿化矿比包裹体流体矿化度明显下降。图5表2参6（钟宁宁摘）。     

热释电系数的测量方法

描述热释电系数的两种测量方法。其一为电荷积分法，测试系统简单，测量数据准确，且能满足零电场条件下的测量。其二为动态电流法，采用调制热源技术，研究在特定温度条件下热释电材料的动态热释电响应。     

确定异常高压气藏地质储量和可采储量的新方法

基于文献[1]的定容，封闭，异常高压气藏的物质平衡方程式，提出了确定异常高压气藏原始地质储量，可采储量和采收率的新方法，通过实例的应用和对比表明，提供的新方法是适用的有效的。