Effect of Al2Cu precipitates size and mass transport on the polarisation behaviour of age-hardened Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloys in 0.05 M NaCl

The electrochemical behaviour of age-hardened Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloys was investigated in a 0.05 M NaCl solution under controlled mass transport conditions using a rotating disk electrode. This work aimed at getting better understanding of the effect of the alloy microstructure, in particular the size distribution of Al₂Cu phase, on the corrosion behaviour of the alloy. Three different size distributions of the Al₂Cu phase were obtained through appropriate heat treatments. The cathodic reduction of oxygen was found to occur mainly on the Al₂Cu phases acting as preferential cathodes. Small sized Al₂Cu phases were found to promote at high rotation rates a transition from a 4 electron to a 2 electron dominated oxygen reduction mechanisms.     

Kinetic Study of Co-β-Zeolite for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with Propane

The effects of grain size, space velocity, temperature and reactant concentration on the kinetics of NOx reduction with propane over Co-β-zeolite catalyst were investigated. The external mass transfer phenomenon was examined by varying the space velocity. The results show that the transfer can be negligible when the space velocity is greater than 60000 h-1 in low temperature range. However, the transfer exists at high temperatures even when the space velocity reaches a high level.Variation of the catalyst grain size from 0.05 to 0.125 mm does not change the conversion rate of NOx. The concentrations of components, NOx, C3H8 and O2, were also investigated to have a better understanding of mechanism. Based on the experimental data, the selectivity formula was proposed. The results shows that lower temperature is helpful to get higher selectivity as the activation energy of hydrocarbon oxidation, Ea,2, is greater than that of NOx reduction, Ea,1, (Ea,2＞Ea,1). High NOx concentration and low C3H8 concentration are beneficial to high selectivity. However in order to maintain high activity simultaneously, the temperature and C3H8 concentration should be high enough to promote NOx reduction. 10%(ψ) H2O and 75×10-6(ψ) SO2 were introduced into the reaction system, and Co-β-zeolite shows strong resistance to water and SO2.     

黄河宁蒙河段节能减排的形势与对策

针对当前黄河宁蒙河段节能减排的现状,分析了黄河宁蒙河段节能减排存在的主要问题,提出了相应的解决对策。     

Effect of Fe substitution on the structure and properties of LnBaCo2−xFexO5+δ (Ln = Nd and Gd) cathodes

The effect of Fe substitution for Co on the crystal chemistry, thermal and electrical properties, and catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction of the layered LnBaCo_2−xFe_xO_5+δ (Ln = Nd and Gd) perovskite has been investigated. The air-synthesized LnBaCo_2−xFe_xO_5+δ samples exhibit structural change with increasing Fe content from tetragonal (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) to cubic (1.5 ≤ x ≤ 2) for the Ln = Nd system and from orthorhombic (x = 0) to tetragonal (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1) for the Ln = Gd system. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) and electrical conductivity decrease with increasing Fe content in LnBaCo_2−xFe_xO_5+δ. While the substitution of a small amount of Fe (x = 0.5) for Co leads to slightly improved performance in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), larger Fe contents (x ≥ 1.0) deteriorate the fuel cell performance. In the Ln = Gd system, the better performance of the x = 0.5 sample is partly due to the improved chemical stability with the LSGM electrolyte at high temperatures. With an acceptable electrical conductivity of >100 S cm⁻¹ at 800 °C, the x = 0.5 sample in the LnBaCo_2−xFe_xO_5+δ (Ln = Nd and Gd) system offers promising mixed oxide-ion and electronic conducting (MIEC) properties.     

Wind turbine extreme gust control

This paper focuses on the problem of extreme wind gust and direction change recognition (EG&DR) and control (EEC). An extreme wind gust with direction change can lead to large loads on the turbine (causing fatigue) and unnecessary turbine shutdowns by the supervisory system caused by rotor overspeed. The proposed EG&DR algorithm is based on a non‐linear observer (extended Kalman filter) that estimates the oblique wind inflow angle and the blade effective wind speed signals, which are then used by a detection algorithm (cumulative sum test) to recognize extreme events. The non‐linear observer requires that blade root bending moments measurements (in‐plane and out‐of‐plane) are available. Once an extreme event is detected, an EEC algorithm is activated that: (i) tries to prevent the rotor speed from exceeding the overspeed limit by fast collective blade pitching; and (ii) reduces 1p blade loads by means of individual pitch control algorithm, designed in an ?_∞ optimal control setting. The method is demonstrated on a complex non‐linear test turbine model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling–based approach for digital control design for nonlinear WECS in the power system

The case has been established that the wind power plant must be treated as an integral part of the electric system, thereby constituting the wind energy conversion system. Recent advancement in size and technology of wind turbines requires sophisticated control systems to effectively optimize energy conversion and enhance grid integration. As a first step toward controller design, modelling has become a prerequisite. This paper explores controller design based on modelling the wind speed as a stochastic process, and the wind turbine as a multi‐mass system with a soft shaft linking the turbine with the doubly fed induction generator. A control strategy incorporating a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) that relies on state estimation for full‐state feedback is proposed to augment a linear controller for generator torque control. The control objectives are to reduce stresses on the drivetrain and to ensure operation geared toward optimal power conversion. This study focuses on above‐rated wind speeds, and the LQG's main purpose is to add damping to the drivetrain, thereby minimizing cyclic fatigue, while a pitch control mechanism prevents rotor overspeed, thereby maintaining rated power. Simulations show the efficacy of the proposed paradigm in meeting the control objectives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

未来我国石油供需矛盾及其解决对策

我国对石油的需求持续攀升,而国内石油产量一直保持缓慢增长,导致石油对外依存度逐年上升。假定未来我国石油消费量等于石油需求量,国内生产总值每年以7.177%的速度增长,石油需求弹性保持在0.5的水平,采用情景分析法、能源需求弹性法和时间序列法对我国未来几年的石油需求、供给进行预测。预测结果表明,我国未来几年石油供需缺口将越来越大,2020年会达到约3.9×108t,形势很不乐观。鉴于此,建议首先要立足国内,鼓励低品位石油资源开发,保障石油基本供应;其次要放眼海外,调整战略重点,弥补我国石油供需缺口,三大石油公司应在稳定中亚、非洲市场的基础上,大力进军南美、中东和亚太市场,加强海外油气合作,实现海外规模化经营;同时要调整能源结构,发展清洁能源,缓解国内石油供需矛盾;另外要提高能源使用效率,减少能源整体需求;还应该循序渐进、有计划分阶段地建立适合我国具体情况的完备的战略石油储备体系,并尽快出台石油储备法。     

铜渣中铁组分的直接还原与磁选回收

以褐煤为还原剂,采用直接还原-磁选方法对含铁39.96%(质量分数)的水淬铜渣进行回收铁的研究.在原料分析和机理探讨基础上,提出影响铜渣中铁回收效果的主要工艺参数,并进行试验确定.结果表明:在铜渣、褐煤和CaO质量比为100:30:10,还原温度为1 250℃,焙烧时间为50 min,再磨细至85%的焙烧产物粒径小于43μm的最佳条件下,可获得铁品位为92.05%、回收率为81.01%的直接还原铁粉;经直接还原后,铜渣中的铁橄榄石及磁铁矿已转变成金属铁,所得金属铁颗粒的粒度多数在30 μm以上,且与渣相呈现物理镶嵌关系,易于通过磨矿实现金属铁的单体解离,从而用磁选方法回收其中的金属铁.     

冷轧压下率和退火工艺对St37-2G结构用冷轧钢板组织和力学性能的影响

研究了冷轧压下率和退火工艺对St37-2G结构用冷轧钢板显微组织和力学性能的影响,并优化了生产工艺。结果表明:试验钢板经不同压下率冷轧并经670℃×5h退火后的显微组织均由铁素体、少量渗碳体和微量珠光体组成,仍保留着渗碳体沿轧向呈纤维状分布的特征;随着冷轧压下率的增大,试验钢板的硬度先增大后减小,在冷轧压下率60%时达到最大值;随退火升温速率的增大,试验钢板的屈服强度、抗拉强度以及塑性应变比明显下降,伸长率和加工硬化指数变化不大;最优的冷轧和退火工艺为冷轧压下率40%～50%,退火温度670℃,升温速率20℃·h-1。     

基于模糊目标规划的应急物流多目标随机规划模型

研究了多出救点、多受灾点、多应急物资的应急设施选址、物资配送问题。同时考虑需求及配送路径的不确定性,从多目标的角度,建立了应急物流的多目标随机规划模型。模型的特点为:物资配送路径具有随机畅通性,且出救点对受灾点有覆盖范围限制。通过将模型设计成带补偿的两阶段随机规划来消除不确定性。提出了基于加权排序法的模糊目标规划求解多目标问题。算例证明了模型与解法的有效性。