Hybrid systems in seawater desalination—practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives

Ever since seawater desalination has been applied on an industrial scale, and particular in the countries of the Arabian Gulf, the application of desalination processes in dual-purpose facilities—water and power—as a hybrid configuration has been discussed in many feasibility investigations and also planning concepts. It is above all the combination of reverse osmosis with thermal processes that has found increasing interest with the aim of ensuring, as economically as possible, uniform water supplies under the specific, greatly varying load conditions in the Gulf countries. Such design concepts for hybrid configurations encompass straightforward structures with a low degree of coupling between membrane and thermal desalination processes, but range up to very complex configurations with strong interconnections on both the water side and thermally, as well as with several desalination processes connected in series or in parallel. Classical hybrid concepts in which the permeate from an RO desalination component is mixed with distillate from thermal desalination have already been implemented in Saudi Arabian dual-purpose plants, like Jeddah and Yanbu-Medina. Although hybrid systems of greater complexity have been addressed in many design studies and publications, up to now none has been brought to fruition. Coming into consideration asthe design basis for determining the capacity shares of the various desalination processes operated in a hybrid configuration are: arrangement of thermal cycle of the power plant component; water/power ratio of the dual-purpose seawater desalination and power plant; provision of undiminished water production of the desalination plant as electricity generation varies; provision of a specified drinking water quality with regard to composition and salt content; combination of all these aspects. Also gaining in importance are concerns of environmental pollution and sustainable development when selecting seawater desalination and power plant configurations, as well as their optimization when considering desalination and electricity generation as a whole. In the practical design of hybrid membrane and thermal systems, aspects come to light, though, that restrict linking of the two systems and joint utilization of facilities, as conceived in studies and conceptual design investigations. This applies both for common utilization of intakes and the use of heated up cooling water from thermal processes as a feed stream for the RO part of the desalination process. Additionally, requirements of drinking water composition, particularly chloride content, TDS and compliance with a specific residual content of boron, influence specifically the design of the membrane process part and its share in the total desalination capacity. Such practical aspects have greatly influenced the design and configuration of the Fujairah hybrid plant for which, from a total desalination capacity of 100 MIGD (454,600 m³/d), the share of 37.5 MIGD (170,500 m³/d) makes its seawater RO plant the biggest currently being constructed anywhere in the world. From the findings of the engineering of this plant and the idea that, by increasing interconnection between the two processes on the water side, it is possible to advance a hybrid configuration of this type with regard to cost optimization in the membrane installation, but also by joint utilization of the intake equipment, perspectives result for applied research efforts over the near and long terms, for example: long-term behavior of membranes at elevated temperatures; tendency for biofouling in membrane process with common utilization of cooling water and brine; influences of such interconnections on the overall availability of the facility. But also for the operation and maintenance organization of such large facilities, consequences can be foreseen for the future development of hybrid plants, particularly for operation management and organisation of the interplay of the different power plant and desalination systems, monitoring of SWRO membrane replacement and cleaning, as well as controlling water quality.     

风力发电——电渗析淡化苦咸水示范站的研建与运行

针对海岛风力资源丰富，但用电用水困难的问题，用风力发电－电渗析淡化苦咸水法成功地解决了海岛用电、吃水问题，具有较大的实用意义和社会效益。     

海水反渗透淡化系统的能耗

通过对海水反渗透淡化系统（SWRO）吨水成本的分析，提出降低SWRO能耗的解决措施，采用能量透平装置（TURBO）或压力转换器（PE）回收浓水的能量传递于进水，不仅可以降低吨水电耗，也可减小一次性投资。值得关注的是，压力转换器，回收效率可达94％，在海水淡化系统中对于降低能耗有更重要的意义。     

工业纯铝在模拟海水中的电化学腐蚀行为

为研究铝在海水中的腐蚀过程,采用电化学阻抗谱、浸泡试验、扫描电子显微镜研究工业纯铝在模拟海水中的腐蚀行为.结果表明:铝在模拟海水中发生点蚀的区域为富含Fe的晶间化合物处,点蚀半径随时间的增加而扩大.铝在模拟海水中的溶解曲线分为4个区间:活性溶解区、过渡区、过钝化区、钝化区.铝在模拟海水中,极化电位为过钝化区时,转移电阻R t随着电位的升高而变小,铝发生严重的点蚀;而极化电位为钝化区时,铝的转移电阻R t随着电位的升高基本不变,铝的溶解行为受到抑制.工业纯铝在模拟海水中发生点蚀的电位区间是-0.45～-0.65 V,钝化电位区间为-0.75～-0.85 V.     

融合改造的混合式抽水蓄能与风电联合运行短期调度模型

依托规模庞大的常规水电增建混合式抽水蓄能是加快抽蓄发展的重要途径。相比传统抽蓄电站,融合改造的混合式抽水蓄能电站具有水力联系更紧密、抽-发工况转换更复杂、“量调并重”角色更鲜明等显著特点,为探索其运行模式,本文提出一种融合改造的混合式抽水蓄能与风电联合运行短期调度模型。该模型以联合体整体收益最大为目标,以机组为最小调度单元,针对常规机组和抽蓄机组的差异化运行特性分别精细化建模,并引入状态变量实现运行状态的解耦与关联切换。在模型求解方面,通过线性化方法及建模技巧将原模型转换为混合整数线性规划(Mixed Integer Linear Programming,MILP)模型,最后在JAVA环境中采用CPLEX工具进行求解。以西南某流域电站为参考构建的应用示例验证了本文模型和求解方法的有效性,可为推进常规水电站的融合改造提供借鉴。     

流动分析技术及其在海水营养盐自动检测中的应用

海水营养盐是海洋初级生产力和食物链的基础,营养盐的测定对海洋学的研究至关重要。流动分析技术由于其自动化、低耗以及重现性高等优点,在海水的营养盐自动检测中有着广泛的应用。本文对流动分析技术的发展进行了归纳总结,对流动分析技术在海水营养盐自动检测中的应用进行了讨论,并对流动分析技术在海水营养盐检测中的总体发展方向进行了展望。     

昌黎县东部滨海地区海水入侵及防治措施

近年来,河北省昌黎县东部滨海区域受自然因素和人为因素的共同影响,海水入侵越来越严重,地下水环境不断恶化,对有限的地下水资源造成严重破坏。文中介绍了昌黎县东部滨海区域海水入侵现状,对于海水入侵区地下水水化学指标特征、浅层地下水水化学类型与其分布规律以及海水入侵给生产生活带来的危害进行了分析,提出了该区海水入侵的防治措施。     

一种海水缓蚀剂缓蚀行为的研究

利用电化学方法和表面分析测试技术，研究了有机膦酸醇酯类缓蚀剂(YKI-05)对于907A钢在天然海水中的缓蚀行为．实验表明，在静态海水中，浓度为300mg／L的YKI-05缓蚀剂能在907A钢表面形成稳定的缓蚀膜层，是一负催化阴极型缓蚀剂，在实验周期内其对907A钢的缓蚀效率较高；并用原子力显微镜(AFM)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)对该缓蚀膜的表面形貌和成分进行分析．     

舰用主汽轮机组在海水温度变化情况下最大工作能力分析

针对舰用主汽轮机组的工作环境特性,基于热力学和流体力学基本理论,建立冷凝器工作特性模型,并运用Matlab/Simulink进行求解,定量分析了海水温度变化对舰用冷凝器压力、主汽轮机组功率和舰船航速的影响。研究成果对如何充分发挥装备的最大使用效能,具有重要的指导意义。     

抽水蓄能机组暂态故障智能分析系统开发及应用

由于缺乏完善、实用的知识库,目前没有故障智能分析系统能对工况复杂的抽水蓄能机组最重要的故障模式暂态故障进行有效的分析.为提高抽水蓄能机组故障分析效率,提出了一种可行、实用的故障知识库和分析程序的设计方法,并介绍了广州蓄能水电厂据此开发的计算机故障分析系统的应用情况,最后以两个广州蓄能水电厂的真实故障分析实例验证了该系统的有效性和实用性.