国外抽水蓄能电站的运营模式和电价机制

介绍和分析国外抽水蓄能电站的运营模式和电价机制,着重分析了日本、英国、美国的情况,指出日本是弱化电量竞争、强化容量效益的租赁制;英国的抽水蓄能电价机制相当于一种两部制;美国的机制随各州电力市场模式的不同而有所不同,但总体上仍体现容量和电量这2部分收益。结合我国节约能源、保护环境的形势,得出了适度发展抽水蓄能电站是必要的、迫切需要制定符合国情的抽水蓄能电价机制和确定抽水蓄能电站经济效益的量化评价标准是抽水蓄能电价机制的核心问题的结论。     

抽水蓄能电站的系统建模及其应用

本文介绍了一个很有特色的抽水蓄能电站系统建模方法，其中包合一个比较详细的运行模拟，采用了在时序负荷曲线上的随机生产模拟方法，并且在运行和规划两个层次上考虑了调峰特性的模拟，此外还计入缺电损失实现可靠性指标的优化。所有这些非常有助于抽水蓄能电站多种系统功能的分析与综合。本文还介绍了以上模型和方法在我国某电力系统中的实际应用，它展示了该模型的主要特点，并证明了其合理有效性。     

海水淡化和电厂水电热联产

地球上水的总储量是很丰富的，但能够被人类直接利用的淡水资源却非常少。全球目前已有14亿人口缺乏安全清洁的饮用水，即平均每5人中便有1人缺水用。21世纪将是争水的世纪，这已是不争的事实!海水（苦咸水）淡化是解决淡水紧缺的一条最有效的重要战略途径，已成为当今世界各国的共识。 文章分析了人类水的形势、出路及海水淡化的原理和方法，综合介绍了世界和我国海水淡化研究及产业的现状和前景，指出人类淡水应用的广阅前景，并建议工厂尽早开发水电联产的汽轮机组，以拓展工厂产品的市场空间。     

基于机制设计理论的调频服务合同的最优设计(二)合同特性分析

针对电力市场环境下电网公司激励抽水蓄能电站提供调频辅助服务的问题,运用委托-代理模型设计在不对称信息下电网公司与抽水蓄能电站最优调频辅助服务合同,得出了满足电网公司和抽水蓄能电站双方效用均衡的结论.     

INFLUENCE OF PRECIPITATES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION ON SEAWATER CORROSION RESISTANCE OF Al-Mg ALLOY

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The effect of seawater on fracture mode transition in fatigue

The fracture mode transition for two steels fatigued in air and seawater was investigated by measuring the crack growth rates and by examining the fractured surfaces using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the transition from normal to shear fracture mode did not always occur in seawater under the same fatigue conditions as in air. Three possible mechanisms, based on the effective stress intensity factor range, the threshold stress intensity factor range and environmentally assisted brittle fracture, are proposed to account for this behaviour and their validity is discussed.     

Preserving Shipboard AFFF Fire Protection System Performance While Preventing Hydrogen Sulfide Formation

There is a very serious problem aboard US Navy ships from generation of toxic hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) solutions used for shipboard fire protection. This is the result of the action of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in mixtures of seawater and AFFF, which remain stagnant for significant time periods in shipboard fire protection system piping. Similar to microbial generation of H₂S in sewage, over time microbes present in seawater consume organic materials in the AFFF mixture and can deplete the dissolved oxygen. If the reduction-oxidation potential falls low enough, anaerobic action of the SRB on the sulfate present in seawater can then result in H₂S generation, reaching dangerous levels. The recommended ceiling for exposure to H₂S is only 10 ppm. If the microbes causing oxygen depletion and/or the SRB can be eliminated (or sufficiently minimized), the dangerous generation of H₂S would not occur. The Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability is participating in a research project for the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) to evaluate several treatment modalities for their ability to inhibit H₂S formation in AFFF/seawater mixtures and for possible deleterious effects on AFFF performance. Various approaches have been considered employing laboratory evaluations (dynamic surface tension and Ross-Miles foamability), and 28 ft² (2.6 m²) pool fire extinguishment and burnback protection field tests (Military Standard MIL-F-24385F). The protocol selected for NAVSEA shipboard H₂S generation mitigation testing is a combination of a commercial broad-spectrum biocide with a molybdenum compound which is a specific inhibitor of SRB.     

GB/T18482《可逆式抽水蓄能机组启动试运行规程》修订中的重大问题研究

对GB/T18482-2001《可逆式抽水蓄能机组启动试验规程》修订的主要内容和重大问题进行分析、介绍,以期在使用中更好地发挥国家标准的指导作用。     

Inexpensive in situ time-integrating seawater nutrient sampler

An in situ time-integrating seawater sampler in which air escaping from the sample bottle through a capillary regulates flow of seawater into the sampler is described for determination of average plant nutrient concentration during a 10–50 h period. The sampler collected water at a constant rate which was approximately equal to that predicted from the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. The sampler has advantages over those described previously: it is less susceptible to blockage from suspended particulates in seawater, less expensive, and the seawater collection rate should be less temperature-dependent.     

Effects of natural and synthetic surface active substances on the electrochemical reduction of cadmium in natural waters

Effects of surface active substances, natural and synthetic, in selected samples of seawater, river water and industrial effluents on the oxidation-reduction processes of cadmium have been studied by electrochemical methods and compared with the behaviour of different model compounds.Kinetic parameters, transfer coefficient α and apparent standard rate constant of the cadmium electrode reaction have been estimated from the shape and the height of the corresponding differential pulse voltammograms using theoretical curves obtained by digital simulation of the electrode process. The measure of the inhibition effect of surface active substances on the electrode reaction of cadmium was expressed in terms of the ratio of the rate constants determined in the presence and in the absence of surface active substances.It was found that the degree of inhibition depends on the concentration and type of surface active substances and on the pH of solution.