Increased sediment oxygen uptake caused by oxygenation-induced hypolimnetic mixing

Hypolimnetic oxygenation systems (HOx) are increasingly used in lakes and reservoirs to elevate dissolved oxygen (O₂) while preserving stratification, thereby decreasing concentrations of reduced chemical species in the hypolimnion. By maintaining an oxic zone in the upper sediment, HOx suppress fluxes of reduced soluble species from the sediment into the overlying water. However, diminished HOx performance has been observed due to HOx-induced increases in sediment O₂ uptake. Based on a series of in situ O₂ microprofile and current velocity measurements, this study evaluates the vertical O₂ distribution at the sediment-water interface as a function of HOx operation. These data were used to determine how sediment O₂ uptake rate (JO₂) and sediment oxic-zone depth (z_max) were affected by applied oxygen-gas flow rate, changes in near-sediment mixing and O₂ concentration, and proximity to the HOx. The vertical sediment-water O₂ distribution was found to be strongly influenced by oxygenation on a reservoir-wide basis. Elevated JO₂ and an oxic sediment zone were maintained during continuous HOx operation, with z_max increasing linearly with HOx flow rate. In contrast, JO₂ decreased to zero and the sediment became anoxic as the vertical O₂ distribution at the sediment-water interface collapsed during periods when the HOx was turned off and near-sediment mixing and O₂ concentrations decreased. JO₂ and z_max throughout the reservoir were found to be largely governed by HOx-induced mixing rather than O₂ levels in the water column. By quantifying how JO₂ and z_max vary in response to HOx operations, this work (1) characterizes how hypolimnetic oxygenation affects sediment O₂ dynamics, (2) contributes to the optimization of water quality and management of HOx-equipped lakes and reservoirs, and (3) enhances understanding of the effect of mixing and O₂ concentrations in other systems.     

Evaluation of buffer zone effectiveness in mitigating the risks associated with agricultural runoff in Prince Edward Island

To minimize the risk posed by runoff from row crops, Prince Edward Island introduced buffer legislation in 2000. The legislation mandates 10-m and 20-m buffers, respectively, for moderate sloped (i.e. < 5%) and steep sloped (i.e. > 5%) agricultural fields that border streams. Since 2001, Environment Canada has been evaluating the effectiveness of various buffer widths on operational farms in reducing toxicity and contaminant concentrations in runoff. Sample collectors, placed in 44 fields at the field edge (0 m), 10 m and at distances out to 30 m, collected overland flow following rainfall-induced runoff events. Samples were collected within 24 hours of an event and analysed for seven pesticides (endosulfan, chlorothalonil, carbofuran, linuron, metribuzin, metalaxyl, mancozeb), water quality parameters and Daphnia magna toxicity. The 10-m buffer required for moderate sloped fields was effective at reducing contaminant concentrations but not always to less than lethal concentrations to Daphnia magna. Limited data beyond 10 m for fields of both slope types precluded making recommendations on a suitable buffer width for shallow sloped fields and evaluating the effectiveness of 20-m buffers for steep sloped fields. When paired data were combined and statistically tested for all fields, the studied pesticides underwent a 52-98% and 68-100% reduction in aqueous and particulate concentrations within 10 m and 30 m, respectively. In addition, by 10 m, soluble phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen and total suspended solids were reduced by 34%, 38% and 64%, respectively. Results suggest buffer zones on operational farms are capable of achieving contaminant reductions comparable to those reported for controlled experiments. Inconsistent siting of sample collectors beyond 10 m limited the evaluation of the effects of field slope and buffer width on buffer effectiveness on working farms. Future studies on buffer efficiency on operational farms should focus on building the data set beyond 10 m and evaluating load reductions.     

基于K两端聚类的污秽绝缘子放电状态评估

沿面放电是绝缘子污秽程度及运行状态的重要体现,实时掌握绝缘子的污秽放电状态对污闪的预防具有重大意义.根据污秽绝缘子在放电过程中泄漏电流的波形变化以及放电区段的划分特点,提出了一种基于K两端聚类的动态划分方法.分析污秽绝缘子在运行中受潮、形成干燥带及局部电弧、局部电弧发展至极端闪络的全过程,并依据绝缘子运行中工作电压和泄...     

风景名胜区毗邻城镇地带范围界定的探讨

通过对风景名胜范围界定的依据和风景名胜区景、城毗连地带的研究,分析了景、城毗连处划界的因素和讨论了其划界的方式。并指出,通过合理的划界、相应的规划规定与匹配的管理,使风景名胜区资源得到有效的保护和利用,促进风景名胜区和地区经济社会合理发展是主要的目的。     

城市增长控制规划支持系统:方法、开发及应用

对城市增长起控制作用的因素(即控制要素,或限建要素)很多,各类控制要素对城市增长的控制不仅体现在控制等级方面,还包括控制用地类型、控制城市活动、控制建设高度、控制地下开发等多个方面,文章提出了考虑多种控制要素的负城市形态,并将其作为城市增长控制规划的最终载体;开发了城市增长控制规划支持系统,用于支持城市增长控制规划。该系统可系统地考虑大量的控制要素,根据各控制要素的控制导则计算城市增长控制规划方案,并具有自动输出规划方案为标准规划图则的功能,可以显著提高城市增长控制规划研究工作的效率和科学性。     

开挖扰动区内岩石的压密特性和强度恢复性研究

 利用交替变换荷载速率试验研究压密后岩石试样的强度恢复和荷载速率依存性。首先,分别对田下凝灰岩、来待砂岩、河津凝灰岩和三城目安山岩4种岩石试样在空心圆筒内进行压缩破坏,然后持续轴向加载,压密破坏后的岩石试样。从空心圆筒中推出压密后的试样,进行单轴压缩下的交替变换荷载速率试验,即按一定应变或位移间隔,对同一试样交替施加高低2种不同的荷载速率,得到对应于2种荷载速率的应力–应变曲线。在整个交替变换荷载速率试验过程中,应力随荷载速率的切换而增减。从交替变换荷载速率试验得到的应力–应变曲线上的荷载速率切换点出发,利用3次样条曲线拟合得到2条对应于高低2种荷载速率的应力–应变曲线,并求解强度点处荷载速率依存性参数n。试验结果表明,田下凝灰岩、来待砂岩和河津凝灰岩的强度恢复现象明显,单轴抗压强度随着压密试验中轴向最大荷载的增加而增加,但没有观察到三城目安山岩的强度恢复现象。当压密试验中的最大轴向荷载较大时,压密后的试样的荷载速率依存性与完整试样的基本一致。当压密试验中的最大轴向荷载较小时,从极大和极小2个方面求解荷载速率依存性参数n,得出完整试样的n值介于压密试样的极大值 和极小值 之间,且差值不大。研究结果表明,在进行适当支护之后,随着时间的推移,开挖扰动区内的岩石存在强度恢复的可能性,且今后利用数值模拟考虑开挖扰动区内的岩石强度恢复特性和时间依存性时,在本构方程中可以采用与完整围岩区域一样的参数,从而简化数值模拟程序。     

双T形新型约束屈曲支撑的试验研究

双T形新型约束屈曲支撑是一种新型耗能支撑,影响其性能的因素众多。为了考察约束机构、约束比、内核板件宽厚比和内核切割方式等构造因素对其耗能性能的影响,对6个缩尺的双T形新型约束屈曲支撑模型进行低周往复荷载试验,研究支撑结构的破坏形态、滞回性能、耗能能力、位移延性和刚度退化等性能。试验研究表明：该新型支撑的约束机构和内核单...     

Evaluation of high local groundwater inflow to a rock tunnel by characterization of geological features

High local groundwater flow into rock tunnels is a technical and environmental problem for underground constructions. Geological features such as fault zones, open fractures and dykes can be the source of very high local inflows. However, prediction of possible groundwater inflow from these features using analytical and numerical tools often failed due to given hydrogeological assumptions and simplification of these heterogeneous media. In fact, the characteristics of geological features are not often detected by normal exploratory methods and missed from geological models. In order to identify factors that affect inflows from the geological features, a detailed investigation has been carried out at a tunnel excavated to supply potable water to the city of Semnan in Iran. The tunnel passes through formations of Cambrian age with thin and thickly laminated limestone, sandstone, shale and siltstone, which thrust on tuff Formation of Tertiary age by a main thrust fault. It was found out that:

(1)

High local inflows (from 20 up to 750 l/s) come from five geological features and much of tunnel is dry or has less inflow.

(2)

Maximum inflow occurs in an open fracture with amount of 750 l/s.

(3)

Faults have different hydraulic effect; they may act as conduits, barriers or combined conduit-barrier systems.

(4)

Dykes are generally barriers along which a large volume of water can be stored.

(5)

Evaluation of high local groundwater inflow to rock tunnels based on characterization of geological features is more reliable compared to available analytical and empirical estimation.

     

创作主体的舒适空间伦理

通过对市场创作环境的分析,指出创作主体的周围存在着一种主体间相互依存、相互制约的舒适空间体系。通过合理建构主体的舒适空间,能够有效地保持创作活力,激发创作个性,平衡多元的伦理价值,达到社会内部的和谐发展。     

鲁台经贸展览中心“亚安全区”设计的可行性

针对鲁台经贸展览中心公共大厅防火分区面积过大的问题,提出"亚安全区"的概念,通过设定火灾场景,对人员疏散、火灾蔓延、钢结构防火保护进行分析,确定其防火设计仅用作人员通行,起到缓冲疏散的作用。