Means of enhancing and promoting the use of solar energy

The development of renewable technologies in the last decade has been exceptional. In photovoltaic (PV) for example, efforts were not only limited to merely improving their efficiency but also to the reduction of the cost of cells and modules via volume production for commercial markets. There are many national schemes promoting the use of PV technology and regional targets for a share of renewable energy production. This paper attempts to relay to the reader a journey, based on experience, approaches for enhancing the prospect of utilising solar energy within the society we live in. The issue of expansion or enhancing the utilisation of solar energy can be undertaken by individuals, groups, institutions and governments. The aim of this paper is to provide some examples, which could serve as a framework in which action could be taken to promote solar technology.     

A computational study of LP-based heuristic algorithms for two-dimensional guillotine cutting stock problems

In this paper we develop and compare several heuristic methods for solving the general two-dimensional cutting stock problem. We follow the Gilmore-Gomory column generation scheme in which at each iteration a new cutting pattern is obtained as the solution of a subproblem on one stock sheet. For solving this subproblem, in addition to classical dynamic programming, we have developed three heuristic procedures of increasing complexity, based on GRASP and Tabu Search techniques, producing solutions differing in quality and in time requirements. In order to obtain integer solutions from the fractional solutions of the Gilmore-Gomory process, we compare three rounding procedures, rounding up, truncated branch and bound and the solution of a residual problem. We have coded and tested all the combinations of algorithms and rounding procedures. The computational results obtained on a set of randomly generated test problems show their relative efficiency and allow the potential user to choose from among them, according to the available computing time. Rceived: January 9, 2001 / Accepted: December 10, 2001     

现场总线技术在发电系统数据采集中的应用

介绍了现场总线网络在干熄焦汽轮机发电生产过程中所起的作用，并重点介绍了系统所完成的数据采集，监视和管理等功能。     

New developments in speciality polymers: polymeric stabilizers

Many new speciality polymers have been developed in the last few years. In this paper polymeric stabilizers (antioxidants, flame retardants and ultraviolet stabilizers) will be discussed. Polymeric antioxidants of the hindered-phenol type, copolymers of 2,6-ditertiarybutyl-4-vinyl(or isopropenyl)phenol with styrene, methyl methacrylate, or more importantly butadiene or isoprene have been prepared; hydrogenation of the latter copolymers gave copolymers of the two polymerizable phenolic antioxidants with ethylene or ethylene/propylene. The polymeric antioxidants have been blended with diene polymers and selected polyolefins and have improved the long-term oxidative stability of these polymers. Polymeric flame retardants have been prepared by copolymerizing styrene and/or acrylonitrile with acrylates and methacrylates of aliphatic bromine-containing alcohols or bromine-containing phenols. Polymers with polymer-bound flame retardants have a higher limiting oxygen index compared with the original polymer. A new class of polymerizable ultraviolet stabilizers has also been developed; these stabilizers are styryl, α-methylstyryl, acryloyl and methacryloyl derivatives of 2(2-hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazoles. These monomers have been copolymerized with styrene, acrylates and methacrylates. 2(2-Hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazoles substituted in the 4 position of the benzotriazole ring with hydroxyl, acetoxy or carboxyl groups suitable for incorporation into polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides and epoxy resins have also been synthesized. All 2(2-hydroxyphenyl)2H-benzotriazole ultraviolet absorbers and the polymers into which they are incorporated have high light absorbency with γ_max between 330 and 350 nm and extinction coefficients in some cases as high as 4.5 × 10⁴ 1 mol^?1 cm^?1.     

太阳能热风发电技术研究进展

介绍了太阳能热风发电的产生背景、技术原理和特点。太阳能热风发电能够实现由太阳能到空气动能,最终到电能的转变,具有环保无污染、运行维护简单、缓解常规能源消耗等特点。简要介绍世界上第1座试验性质的太阳能热风发电站。对太阳能热风发电技术相关研究历程从试验研究和理论研究2个方面做了综述,重点介绍了澳大利亚电站的建设进展及最新相关学术研究进展,包括过渡段理论及试验研究、系统数值模拟和太阳能热风发电技术在高山地区的应用等。介绍我国太阳能资源情况,指出我国太阳能资源丰富,适合建造大型太阳能热风发电站。     

Analysis and Optimization Laminar Viscous Flow Through a Channel

Optimizing of laminar viscous flow through a pipe by two dimensionless values is investigated analytically. Dimensionless entropy generation and pumping power to heat transfer rate ratio are used as basis for constant viscous and the temperature dependence on the viscosity. For this matter we calculate entropy generation and pumping power for a fully developed in a pipe subjected to constant wall temperature for either constant viscosity and the variable viscosity. The variation entropy generation increase along the pipe length for viscous fluid is drawn, either the variation summation dimensionless entropy generation and the pumping power to heat transfer rate ratio are varying the fluid inlet temperature for fixed pipe length and are varying pipe length for fixed fluid inlet temperature are drawn. For low heat transfer conditions the entropy generation due to viscosity friction becomes dominant and the dependence of viscosity with the temperature becomes essentially important to be considered.     

短毫米波和亚毫米波接收机的发展现状

本文概述了短毫米和亚毫米波接收机的发展现状，介绍了接收机的重要组成部件：混频器、振荡器和放大器的发展水平以及毫米波单片集成电路的现状，给出了接收机的最新性能指标。     

钙铁硅铁磁体微晶玻璃热处理制度的研究

使用XRD、DTA、VSM等分析测试手段对在还原气氛下含少量B2O3、P2O5钙铁硅微晶玻璃的热处理制度进行了较深入的研究。研究发展，预核化处理对于钙铁硅微晶玻璃的晶化无明显作用。900℃作为钙铁硅微晶玻璃的晶化温度较适宜，晶化时间宜8h以上。     

电磁测量中误差产生的原因及消除方法

对电磁测量中所产生误差的原因进行分析,提出了消除不同误差所应采取的方法。     

Change of characteristics of desulfurization and denitrification by combustion flue gas composition and electrode configuration under pulsed corona discharge

Laboratory-scale and parametric experiments of SO₂ and NO_x removal from the simulated combustion gas by pulsed corona discharge have been performed by changing the combustion gas composition and temperature, the electrode configuration of plasma reactor, and the polarity of high-voltage electrode. The following results are obtained: 1) the higher the concentration of H₂O and O₂, the higher the efficiency of desulfurization and denitrification at the same specific input; 2) the pulsed corona discharge with a voltage pulsewidth as short as 200 ns of negative polarity shows the possibility to attain almost 90 percent deSO_x and deNO_x efficiency at the specific discharge input of 20 J/g, which is almost the same as the specific input in the electron-beam process; 3) the deNO_x characteristics show a little temperature dependence in the range of 70 to 130°C, but the deSO_x efficiency increases rapidly in the temperature region below 100°C suggesting the thermochemical dependence of deSO_x reaction; 4) when desulfurization and denitrification proceed, the white dendritic powder deposits on the plasma reactor whose composition is identified to be 49 mol% (NH₄)₂SO₄ and 47 mol% of 2NH₄NO₃ · (NH₄)₂SO₄, and the ratio of SO₂, NO and NH₃ of the deposit is almost equal to that of supplied gas.