被动桩中土拱形成机理的平面有限元分析

国内外对被动桩中土拱形成机理的研究比较少,尤其针对不同土性土体中这类问题的对比研究更是少见。借助平面有限元数值方法,对粘性土与无粘性土中被动桩间的土拱形成机理作了研究和对比分析,并讨论了土拱形成过程与土拱效应随土体参数如粘聚力、内摩擦角、弹性模量、剪胀角、泊松比、桩土接触特征的变化规律。研究表明:土性不同时,土拱形成过程中桩周土体的受力和破坏形式不同;剪胀角、泊松比、桩土接触特征对桩间土拱形成机理和效应影响明显。     

Groundnut Yield Response to Single Superphosphate, Calcitic Lime and Gypsum on Acid Granitic Sandy Soil

Phosphorus and calcium are the major nutrients limiting groundnut production. The objectives were to determine (a) optimum application levels of P and Ca, and (b) compare the effectiveness of calcitic lime (40% Ca, 4.5% Mg) and gypsum (22% Ca, 17% S) as sources of Ca for groundnut grown on sandy soils. Field experiments were established in smallholder farming areas using four levels of P (0, 8.5, 17 and 34 kg ha⁻¹) combined factorially with calcitic lime (0, 200, 400 and 800 kg ha⁻¹) to give 16 treatments. Similar levels of P were combined factorially with gypsum (0, 100, 200 and 400 kg ha⁻¹) to give sixteen treatments. Experiments were laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Phosphorus had a significant effect on groundnut yield at the majority of the experimental sites. Application of P at 8.5 kg ha⁻¹ gave the optimum groundnut yield response. The optimum application rates for calcitic lime and gypsum were 200 and 100 kg ha⁻¹. Gypsum and calcitic lime were not significantly different as sources of Ca for groundnut. Soil chemical properties were significantly improved following application of P and Ca sources.     

Aboveground nitrogen in relation to estimated total plant uptake in maize and bean

The main objective of this field study was to estimate the total plant uptake of soil mineral N in maize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in crop rotations under different N content in Nicaragua. Secondary objectives were to estimate the fraction of the measured soil mineral N content taken up in this way, and to determine how the measured N in plant aboveground parts was related to the total mineral N uptake. A large variation in N content was obtained by using data from fertilisation experiments. Plant total N uptake was estimated as the residual N in a mass balance calculation of soil mineral N. Mineral N content in the top 0–0.3 m soil layer in the field cultivations and in tubes isolated from root uptake, and N content in aboveground plant parts were measured every 30 days. Estimated plant total uptake of soil mineral N varied considerably (2.5–14 g N m⁻² 30 day⁻¹) over periods and N treatments. The range of variation was similar for maize and bean. The fraction of the soil mineral N that was taken up by the plant daily varied more in maize (about 0.03–0.12 day⁻¹) than in bean (about 0.05–0.08 day⁻¹). Our results suggest that monthly changes in N in aboveground plant parts were linearly related to plant total N uptake during the same period. Aboveground plant N constituted between about 55% and 80% of total uptake of soil mineral N in maize depending on period within season, whereas for bean it was more constant and smaller (about 40%).     

A comprehensive approach to evaluating watershed models for predicting river flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services

Selection of strategies that help reduce riverine inputs requires numerical models that accurately quantify hydrologic processes. While numerous models exist, information on how to evaluate and select the most robust models is limited. Toward this end, we developed a comprehensive approach that helps evaluate watershed models in their ability to simulate flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services. We demonstrated the method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) model, and Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model (DLBRM) applied to the Maumee River Basin (USA). The approach helped in identifying that each model simulated flows within acceptable ranges. However, each was limited in its ability to simulate flows triggered by extreme weather events, owing to algorithms not being optimized for such events and mismatched physiographic watershed conditions. Ultimately, we found HSPF to best predict river flow, whereas SWAT offered the most flexibility for evaluating agricultural management practices.     

流动注射在线液-液萃取FAAS法测定土壤中痕量镉

提出流动注射在线液 -液萃取火焰原子吸收光谱法测定土壤样品中的痕量镉的分析方法 ,对螯合萃取系统的介质酸度、流路运行参数等进行了试验。结果表明 ,在浓度为 1 .5× 1 0 - 2 μg·ml- 1 的镉溶液中 ,其RSD(n =1 0 )为3 3 % ;检出限 (k=3)为 3 .1× 1 0 - 4μg·ml- 1 ,对土壤标准样品测定结果与推荐值相吻合。     

Bauxite residue (red mud) increases phosphorus retention in sandy soil catchments in Western Australia

The Peel-Harvey estuary on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia has become eutrophic partly because of the leaching of fertiliser phosphorus from sandy soils. The acid, coarse textured sandy soils are predominantly quartz, have a low iron and aluminium content and do not retain phosphorus. Red mud, derived from bauxite, is a by-product of the alumina industry and has the ability to retain phosphorus. Retention of phosphorus is enhanced when the red mud is neutralised with gypsum. Red mud has been suggested as a soil amendment to reduce phosphorus leaching.To investigate the reduction in the leaching of phosphorus from soils amended with red mud, weirs were constructed at the outlets from a pair of catchments to quantify the amount of phosphorus in the streamflow. Both catchments were deep grey Bassendean sand. One of the catchments was treated with 80 t/ha of red mud which had been neutralised with waste gypsum from the phosphate industry. The red mud was applied to the soil surface using conventional fertiliser spreading equipment. The other catchment was untreated.The red mud reduced phosphorus loss by 70% from 13.8 kg/ha on the untreated catchment, to 4.2 kg/ha on the treated catchment. Both catchments were treated with 20.4 kg/ha of phosphorus as superphosphate. The catchment treated with red mud also received a further 41.5 kg/ha of phosphorus from the phosphogypsum that was used to neutralise the red mud.Our results show that red mud reduces phosphorus leaching and is potentially a nutrient management option in sandy soils. Red mud has the potential to reduce the impact of agriculture on the estuarine environment and has implications for the continued expansion and intensification of agriculture in the Peel-Harvey catchment.     

A new test for cleaning efficiency assessment of cleaners for hard surfaces

A new test was developed to assess the efficiency of no-wiping hard-surface cleaning. The test allows cleaner comparisons according to their ability to remove greasy soils. The chosen approach minimizes the mechanical forces applied while cleaning so that the interactions between a detergent solution and the soil to be removed can be characterized. For this, immersion cleaning was chosen, with coated stainless steel as substrate and pigmented oils as the model soil. Several parameters were studied in defined ranges using the Experimental Design method and systematic comparisons. The test shows high reliability on degreasing assessments and is there-fore especially suited to optimization of nonionic surfactant mixes. The originality of the test lies in the possibility of keeping a visual trace of the cleaned substrate appearance by imprinting it on a piece of paper. The validation of the test leads to corroboration of several practical observations. Temperature and agitation play a major role in cleaning efficiency. Detergent solution concentration is a more relevant parameter than pH. Sodium carbonate is shown to have a higher buffering effect than pentahydrated sodium metasilicate. The test is easy to set up, highly sensitive, and can be adapted to solve the problems encountered by formulators of detergent cleaners, such as screening the best ethoxylated fatty alcohol mix for better degreasing properties.     

高吸水性树脂在农业中的应用

介绍了高吸水性树脂的吸水机理及农用高吸水性树脂的性能、种类和使用方法，分析了高吸水性树脂抗旱节水、改良土壤和促进作物生长的作用机理和影响因素，指出了当前研究中所存在的问题及改进的方向.     

悬浮液进样FAAS法测定土壤样品中微量锰

采用悬浮液进样火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS法)测定土壤样品中微量锰;并对样品的粒度、悬浮液的浓度、介质酸度、校正方法及抗干扰等进行了探讨.结果表明,本法简便、快速、准确可靠.     

安克锰锌在荔枝树上施用的残留代谢消解规律与安全性评价

安克锰锌是烯酰吗啉两个异构体和代森锰锌组成的多元混合制剂。试样经粉碎、溶剂浸泡提取、混合柱净化,用气相色谱测定烯酰吗啉和代森锰锌母体(CS2),液相色谱测定代谢物乙撑硫脲(ETU)。仪器最低检出量:烯酰吗啉为1.436×10-12g,代森锰锌母体1.326×10-10g,ETU2.5×10-10g,最低检出浓度依次为0.02、0.025、0.02mg/kg,方法回收率依次为86.4%～90.8%、89.2%～95.9%、89.10%～95.13%;标准偏差为0.53～4.34;变异系数为0.58%～4.62%。安克锰锌在果皮中的消解方程广西和广东分别为C=1.2719e-0.1975T和C=1.045e-0.1972T,半衰期(T/2)均为3.5d;土壤中分别为C=0.8734e-0.1187T和C=0.6171e-0.1146T,半衰期(T/2)=6d;最高剂量250倍、最多施3次,最短距收期7d,在果肉中均未检出,果皮和土壤中的残留仅分别为0.1385～0.1745mg/kg和0.3105～0.3415mg/kg,均低于欧共体规定代森锰锌MRL值0.5mg/kg。