Effect of polymers and media type on extending the dissolution of amorphous pioglitazone and inhibiting the recrystallization from a supersaturated state

Amorphous forms of crystalline drug are widely utilized for bioavailability enhancement of low solubility drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Polymers have been found to be effective crystallization inhibitors for amorphous forms in solid states during storage or in liquid states during dissolution process. The dissolution and crystallization behaviors of these amorphous forms in the presence or absence of polymers are still far from adequately understood especially in different dissolution environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of polymers and media type on extending the dissolution of amorphous pioglitazone and inhibiting the recrystallization from a supersaturated state. Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVPK30), polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 (PVPK90), polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000), polyethylene-polypropylene glycol 188 (F-68), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were employed to understand these behaviors changes because these polymers were used widely. Three solutions including neutral water and phosphate buffer solutions (PBS, pH6.8 and pH7.4) were adopted as dissolution media to determine the behaviors changes comprehensively. In the presence of polymers, dissolution and solubility were extended to different degrees in three media. Polymers can delay the crystallization routes dependently of the medium type. Buffer salts in media reduced the dissolution and accelerated the crystallization process. Crystallization inhibition of these polymers was strongly dependent on the type and pH of media. HPMC displayed the strongest crystallization inhibition effects, resulting in the greatest degree of maintaining a supersaturated state that can sustain most effectively for biologically relevant timeframes.     

State variable analysis of hydrological systems

The concepts of state and state variables are introduced. From a mathematical point of view the concept of state variables provides the means of transforming a differential equation of any order into an equivalent set of first-order equations. From a physical point of view the state of a system, specified by numeric values of the system state variables at a given time, contains all the relevant information about the system necessary to predict the behaviour of the system in the future. The state variable concept is thus very much suited for analysis of dynamic systems. Examples of the state variable concept applied to analysis of discharge from a reservoir and from two reservoirs operating in series are presented.     

基于积分状态预测的Anti-Windup PID控制器设计

目前有多种方式用来抑制调速系统中调节器饱和引起的Windup现象。其中跟踪反计算控制策略,由于其采用线性反馈作用原理来减小调节器饱和时的积分累加值,因此对于这种策略的研究和应用较多。但由于在设计调节器参数时,没有考虑速度指令和负载的变化,固定的反计算参数一般难以在大范围内保证系统响应的一致性。为了在不同速度指令和负载转矩条件下,保证系统响应的一致性,本文提出了积分状态预测Anti-Windup策略来减小系统由于饱和现象而引起的性能下降,根据速度指令和负载转矩的变化,在调节器饱和时计算出积分器在系统稳态积分终值,并将其作为调节器进入线性段的积分初始值,当系统参数精确时使得系统呈现出最优的速度响应曲线。本文在相同的电流环和速度环调节器PI参数的条件下,进行了仿真实验,比较了上述AW策略与传统方法的速度响应性能。实验结果验证了理论分析及仿真波形的正确性。     

2-甲基1，4-萘醌激发三重态与核酸反应的电子自旋共振自旋消减法研究

应用电子自旋共振（Electron spin resonance，ESR）自旋消减法，研究了内源性光敏剂2-甲基-1，4萘醌（VK3）的激发三重态（^3VK3^＊）与核酸及其组分的反应性顺序，得到。VK3^＊与四个核苷及四个单核苷酸的反应性顺序为Gua〉Ade〉Cyt〉Thy，dGMP〉dAMP〉dCMP〉TMP。结果与早前采用激光光解瞬态吸收光谱研究^3VK3^＊氧化DNA，测得的DNA及其组分阳离子自由基生成速率常数、核苷及核苷酸的氧化还原电位排序相一致。对^3VK3^＊与几种富含鸟嘌呤（G）的寡聚核苷酸：端粒DNA重复序列、端粒酶RNA亚基模版及其L6-P6发夹序列反应的ESR自旋消减法研究结果表明，其反应性大小与寡聚物中鸟嘌呤含量正相关，其中与端粒DNA的反应性最强。     

Megacity governance and the state

In the debate on governance in city regions, the role of the state is currently an open question. Drawing on our own and secondary research on governance of large city regions across the world, we argue that nation-states (in unitary systems) and federate states (in federalist systems) are crucial protagonists of governance in megacities – defined as city regions of 10 million or more. Megacity governance thus provides a stark contrast to the prominent narrative of a retreating state conveyed in some of the new regionalist literature. It is concluded that megacities are a category of urban settlements in which the state is not withering away but continues to play a leading role in addressing urban policy problems.     

COMPARISON OF FOURTEEN GENERALIZED EQUATIONS OF STATE TO PREDICT GAS-PHASE FUGACITY

Fourteen generalized equations of state were compared on the ability to predict gas-phase fugacity of pure compounds. The equations were tested using 30254 literature data points. The accuracy of the prediction varied with the equation and the range of temperature and pressure.     

全光纤高速模拟信号偏振态测量系统的研究

全光纤高速偏振态测量,尤其是模拟信号的偏振态高速测量在光纤通信和光纤传感等领域中有着重要应用。在深入研究光电探测器放大电路的基础上,搭建了基于光纤偏振控制器(PC)、偏振分束器(PBS)以及模拟光电探测器的全光纤高速偏振态测量系统。用搭建的系统对0~50 MHz模拟信号的偏振态进行了测量,并与商用偏振分析仪进行了误差比较。实验表明,此偏振态测量系统可实现速率0~50 MHz模拟信号Stokes参量的准确测量,显示在邦加球上的测量误差半径在0.03以下,与商用偏振分析仪处于同一量级。系统重复性良好,且可测模拟信号的速率远超目前商用偏振分析仪,为许多待测光为模拟信号的光纤传感系统提供了有效的测量手段。     

基于分治策略的分布式调度自动化系统 稳态监控网络拓扑分析

电网拓扑分析是电网调度自动化系统的一项基础性工作,是联通电网模型和电网分析的桥梁,为电网调度员潮流计算、防误操作等等提供必要的基础数据。随着电网建设,网架结构逐步扩大,亟需一种方法在充分利用计算机资源的基础上实现高效率的网络拓扑分析。提出了一种基于分治思想的电网网络拓扑分析算法,通过结合电网模型的特点以及成熟的图论算法予以实现。同时将面向高级应用服务和面向监控服务的拓扑功能解耦,在不影响电力潮流计算等应用功能的基础上提高调度自动化系统集成效率,最后应用该算法编写并行的分布式电网拓扑分析程序,并展望了其应用前景。     

A Voltage Phasor Based Fault-classification Method for Phasor Measurement Unit Only State Estimator Output

Abstract—This article presents a fault-classification method for transmission lines based on voltage phasors using classification and regression trees. The proposed method is intended to aid system operators in understanding the outputs of a phasor measurement unit only state estimator. Faults are classified into four categories when the estimator is positive sequence and into ten categories when the estimator is three phase. The fault data are generated in PowerWorld® (PowerWorld Corporation, Champaign, IL, USA) and DSA Tools® (Powertech Labs Inc., Surrey, British Columbia, Canada). The pre-fault state consists of a variety of operating conditions and loading angles of faulted lines. The fault condition comprises different fault types, fault locations, fault impedances, and fault incidence angles. Fault classification is done using MATLAB® (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA).The approach is successfully tested on the IEEE-118 bus system. The results demonstrate that the technique developed here is effective and robust, irrespective of the pre-fault and fault conditions.