A conceptual basis and methodological framework for regional strategic environmental assessment (R-SEA)

The need to better assess and manage the cumulative effects of human development is well recognized; however, the practice of cumulative effects assessment has been constrained by the current project-based approach. Further, the broader regional and strategic frameworks designed to ensure a more proactive and futures-oriented cumulative effects assessment have, ironically, remained divorced from current practice and from each other. In response, in 2008, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment and various federal and provincial agencies identified the notion of ‘regional strategic environmental assessment’ as a means to integrate the current silos of environmental assessment in Canada and improve the overall practice of cumulative effects assessment. In this paper we report on the ongoing initiative to advance regional strategic environmental assessment, and present a conceptual basis and methodological framework for its development and application.     

Assessing the impact of strategic environmental assessment

This paper examines the impact of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) – its direct impact on policies, plans and programs (PPPs) and its indirect and longer-term impacts. Criteria for assessing SEA's impact are developed and applied in the Canadian context based on a survey of SEA practitioners, and the perceived opportunities and challenges to realizing the full impact of SEA explored. Results indicate that SEA does have a direct impact on PPPs, but its indirect impacts are either constrained or difficult to distinguish from an agency's normal policies, practices and innovations. Amongst the most significant challenges to realizing the indirect impacts of SEA is the lack of shared vision for SEA by those responsible for implementation, and incongruences between the need for rapid results by way of PPP approval versus the long-term commitment required to realize many of the benefits of SEA. Indirect impacts require more explicit consideration at the outset of the SEA design process than what is currently the case if the benefits of SEA are to be fully recognized.     

First steps toward best practice SEA in a developing nation: lessons from the central Namib uranium rush SEA

The intent of this study is to contribute to the discussion of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) best practice based on experience gained in a recent SEA initiative: the central Namib (Namibia) uranium rush SEA. We evaluate this SEA process against internationally established characteristics of ‘best practice’ SEA to improve and strengthen future practice in Namibia. The study draws primarily on the final assessment report as well as inputs from six informants involved in the assessment. The results reveal some elements of good practice as well as areas for improvement, and in particular, the need for improved baseline data collection; adequate consideration of alternatives; committing to preferred scenario/options; enforceability; and a more robust institutional capacity. We offer insight into how consideration of these factors may help to strengthen SEA practice in Namibia. Overall, the SEA may not represent a ‘best practice’ example according to international standards, but it does suggest a potentially bright future for SEA practice in Namibia.     

Towards effective scoping in strategic environmental assessment

The scoping phase in strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is considered a central issue for the effectiveness of the whole SEA process, enhancing decision-making. Understanding SEA should be context-specific and scoping is paramount for a robust SEA; the main goal of this research was to develop a framework for the evaluation of the procedural effectiveness of the scoping stage in a specific political and planning system context – Portugal. The framework developed comprises a set of 21 criteria divided into six broad themes and was applied to 20 Portuguese SEA scoping reports, through content analysis. Overall, it was found that mandatory issues in the Portuguese SEA context were met and the scoping reports used mainly national guidelines. However, issues of public participation are often discarded and there is no evidence that scoping starts early in the decision-making process, or if it is done concurrently. Nonetheless, the framework developed establishes best practice for the SEA scoping phase, needing to be adapted to the different political and planning system contexts in order to reflect legal and institutional specificities.     

Survey of current methods and guidance for strategic environmental assessment

This paper examines methods promoted and used in strategic environmental assessment (SEA) practice, practitioner choices about methodology and the nature of SEA guidance. Results show that SEA is not challenged by a lack of methods, but the range of methods promoted and used is restrictive. A major challenge to practice is making the ‘right choices’ about methods and methodology. Much SEA guidance is focused on flexibility in SEA, providing high-level principles, and is too generic to facilitate such choices. It is assumed that there is sufficient expertise amongst SEA practitioners, and that practitioners will simply know what methods and methodologies are best. Our results indicate that more detailed operational guidance is needed at the practitioner level on how to make sound methodological choices and how to select the best available methods for the SEA tier and context at hand.     

五自由度摇摆台位置正解方法研究及 MATLAB实现

研究一种实用非对称五自由度摇摆台的位置正解算法.把描述五自由度摇摆台的一组非线性方程组的求解问题转化成对函数的优化问题,采用粒子群优化算法和Newton迭代法相结合的方法求解问题,并采用粒子群算法工具箱实现了五自由度摇摆台的位置正解.通过比较试验结果,发现采用PSO算法和Newton迭代法相结合的方法在精度方面比单纯采用PSO算法高,并且兼顾了实时性的要求.     

议我国煤炭企业战略成本管理

一直以来,我国煤炭企业的成本管理主要着重于产品生产过程中的成本控制,却较少涉及对外部环境的分析,对引发成本的动因缺乏正确的分析了解。种种不良原因导致的结果大大的缩小了企业管理者的视野,使得各种潜在的可能性,有效的管理方法得到了极大的束缚。煤炭企业领导者要想打破诸多束缚改变这一状况就需要改变战略战线,力求在以成本管理方面为突破口加强管理层面的理论研究及实践探索。     

T2紫铜微正挤压件表面形貌与微观组织分析

为便于取出微正挤压零件,设计了具有分瓣式结构的微正挤压凹模,并成功成形出最小挤出杆直径为0.25 mm的微正挤压件.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及金相显微镜对微正挤压件的表面形貌及微观组织进行了观察。结果表明,随着挤出杆尺寸的减小或晶粒尺寸的增大,内外层材料的非均匀塑性变形程度增加;当挤出杆尺寸降低到亚毫米尺度时,微挤压成形件发生了一定弯曲;微正挤压件纵向和横向微观组织的非均匀分布表明,在微正挤压成形过程中材料在纵向和横向上都经历了严重的非均匀塑性变形.材料的非均匀塑性变形程度是随着挤出杆尺寸的减小或晶粒尺寸的增加而不断增加的.     

“后危机时代”康菲公司战略调整的原因、重点及产生效果研究

康菲公司自2010年起进行了为期3年的战略调整,重点包括上下游业务拆分,成立两家分别关注上游和下游业务的强大而独立的分公司;剥离非核心资产,2010年至今已完成超过320亿美元的非核心资产剥离;将通过资产剥离获取的巨额资金用于偿债、回购公司普通股及增派股利等;同时自2010年起逐年加大勘探开发投入。康菲公司通过"后危机时代"的战略调整,优化了经营结构,上下游结构的变化使公司通过专注上游业务以获得高额增长成为可能;资产结构的变化使公司逐渐退出了与核心资产协同较差的区块以及处于开发中后期的油田,并逐步从风险较高的地区撤离;利润分配结构的变化稳定了公司的财务水平,短期内保障了公司的信用等级和融资能力。而加强勘探开发投资,获取更多有价值的常规和非常规油气资产,并由此提高公司的盈利能力,则是康菲长期可持续发展的根本。当然,短期内也带来了一定的负面影响,公司油气资源可采储量由2007年的106×108bbl油当量降至2011年的84×108bbl油当量,产量由232×104bbl油当量/d降至162×104bbl油当量/d,储量替代率由2007年的159%降至2011年的120%。对康菲公司的战略调整进行分析,有助于我国石油公司加强对海外经营和公司管理的认识。     

中国硫酸盐型盐湖资源及无氯钾肥开发展望

中国是使用钾肥的大国,但一直以来钾肥靠进口.中国有丰富的盐湖资源,不同类型的盐湖有着不同的开发利用方式.硫酸盐型的盐湖是开发以硫酸钾为主流产品的资源库,针对此,概述了中国硫酸盐型盐湖资源的分布情况和无氯钾肥开发技术现状,认为西部地区尤其是青海和新疆地区盐湖富含硫酸盐型钾资源,但是目前开发利用刚刚起步,是继察尔汗钾肥基地后有望成为又一钾肥生产地区,这将会在某种程度上缓解中国钾肥缺口状况,最后提出了几点利用硫酸盐型盐湖资源生产以硫酸钾为主的无氯钾肥的建议.