Power Dissipation in Spintronic Devices Out of Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Quantum limits of power dissipation in spintronic computing are estimated. A computing element composed of a single electron in a quantum dot is considered. Dynamics of its spin due to external magnetic field and interaction with adjacent dots are described via the Bloch equations. Spin relaxation due to magnetic noise from various sources is described as coupling to a reservoir. Resulting dissipation of energy is calculated and is shown to be much less than the thermal limit, ∼kT per bit, if the rate of spin relaxation is much slower than the switching rate. Clues on how to engineer an energy efficient spintronic device are provided.     

低温聚合物结构松弛的数值研究

为了获得低温聚合物的参数和升降温速率对连续升降温无量纲比热容的影响,应用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和TNM的结构松弛模型作出简单的数值研究.结果表明,变换不同比率的升降温速率及不同参数值得到的DSC曲线图形变化能够对聚合物的结构松弛研究有一点参考作用.     

New quadratic models for the maximum weighted cut problem

New quadratic models are proposed to improve the upper-bound estimates in the maximum weighted cut problem. They are found by two original methods for deriving redundant quadratic constraints. A well-known linear model is shown to follow from the models proposed. Recommendations on how to develop its strengthened analogs are given. This study is partially sponsored from the grant UM2-2574-KV-03 (CRDF Cooperative Grants Program). __________ Translated from Kibernetika i Sistemnyi Analiz, No. 1, pp. 63—75, January–February 2006.     

Creep of PVDF monofilament sutures: service performance prediction from short-term tests

Isothermal short-term creep of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) monofilament sutures was determined at several temperatures between 10 and 90 °C under the stress of 10 MPa. Long term service performance was predicted for 10 decades of time. The compliance master curve as a function of time fits a hyperbolic sine equation. The temperature shift factor as a function of the temperature a_T (T) is accurately represented by a general equation based on free volume. A simple relationship between the two parameters of the equation is explored. The viscoelasticity of PVDF is also seen in dynamic mechanical analysis performed at the frequency of 1 Hz. The origin of the viscoelastic character well present in the deformability of the PVDF in service is due to the occurrence of the α_c relaxation that is active at ∼50 °C (E″ peak at 1 Hz).     

Real-world extensions to scheduling algorithms based on lagrangian relaxation

Recently, efficient scheduling algorithms based on Lagrangian relaxation have been proposed for scheduling parallel machine systems and job shops. In this article, we develop real-world extensions to these scheduling methods. In the first part of the paper, we consider the problem of scheduling single operation jobs on parallel identical machines and extend the methodology to handle multiple classes of jobs, taking into account setup times and setup costs. The proposed methodology uses Lagrangian relaxation and simulated annealing in a hybrid framework. In the second part of the paper, we consider a Lagrangian relaxation based method for scheduling job shops and extend it to obtain a scheduling methodology for a real-world flexible manufacturing system with centralized material handling. This research was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research and the Department of Science and Technology grant N00014-93-1017.     

Inductive proximity sensor with a flat coil and a new differential relaxation oscillator

A high-sensitivity flat-coil inductive proximity sensor microsystem has been realized and successfully tested. The flat coil, made with CMOS-compatible post processes, is connected to a versatile differential relaxation oscillator electronic interface. In this new and simple interface, the excitation, the signal extraction and amplification are assured by only one operational amplifier. Experimental results on the microsystem confirm that large output frequency variations occur when a metallic target approaches the sensor.     

Relaxation phenomena caused by equilibration of point defects

Relaxation phenomena due to equilibration of point defects in metals are reviewed. The relaxation effect in specific heat observed in tungsten and platinum confirms that in both cases the nonlinear increase in the high-temperature specific heat has to be attributed to point-defect formation. Relaxation phenomena observed by measurements of electrical resistivity and positron annihilation are also considered. The comparison of the data seems to be favorable for the conclusion that all the phenomena are of one origin.     

Gas diffusion and dielectric studies of polystyrene‐fullerene compositions

Polystyrene‐fullerene compositions containing up to 0.45 mol % (3 wt %) fullerene C₆₀ were investigated. It was established that the addition of fullerene to polystyrene (PS) leads to an increase of molecular packing density and so influences the transport of small molecules through the polymer films. Gas diffusion through films of PS‐fullerene compositions is slower than through PS films, and gas separating properties of compositions are higher. Dielectric studies showed that the fullerene is distributed as clusters in the polymer matrix of solid composition prepared from a toluene solution of PS and fullerene. Heating without air to the temperature higher than PS glass transition leads to increasing relaxation time of α‐transition in PS of compositions containing >0.15 mol % (1 wt %) fullerene. This effect is caused by rather strong interaction of PS chains via fullerene molecules entered into the PS‐fullerene complex. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2946–2951, 2002     

垂直腔激光器中弛豫振荡频率的优化控制

从垂直腔面发射的半导体激光器（VCSELs）的结构出发，利用增益与载流子密度的广义对数关系，借助小信号分析法，推出了直接调制情形下驰豫振荡频率的严格解析关系。分析指出，量子阱器件的光子寿命并非越短越好，欲提高VCSELs的驰豫振荡频率，除了增加注入电流，提高微分增益等基本途径外，控制器件的结构参数可使驰豫振荡频率达到极大值。同时，自发辐射因子的可控性，以及降低稳态载流子密度，也都是提高VCSELs驰豫振荡频率和拓宽调制带宽的有效措施。     

Diffusion in metallic glasses

Rutherfordα-particles backscattering technique was employed for measurements of diffusion rates in metallic glasses. Effects of relaxation, crystallization and plastic deformation on diffusion rates were also investigated. It has been observed that the diffusion rates of a metallic solute are of the same orders of magnitude in both metal-metal and metal-metalloid glasses. A higher diffusivity is likely if there is a large difference between melting points of the solute and matrix. Relaxation has no effect on diffusion, however, diffusivity increases on crystallization. An increase in diffusivity is also observed on plastic deformation of metallic glass.