燃煤锅炉供热系统的模糊控制

介绍燃煤锅炉供热系统的自动化节能模糊控制方案,燃煤锅炉供热系统是一个大惯性的滞后系统,传统的单纯PID控制效果不理想,而基于工人熟练的经验和专家知识的模糊控制能够达到比较好的效果。系统中对控制参考量水温和炉膛负压这两个输入量模糊化处理,由控制规则推出输出模糊子集,再应用模糊推理合成规则得出PID的系数,PID控制器根据输出量来控制鼓风机、引风机、炉排电机和水泵的变频器。     

西南山区交通工程弃渣的工程特性评价及其分类

山区交通工程弃渣力学参数的准确测定,一直是弃渣场边坡稳定性评价面临的基础科学问题。在山区交通工程弃渣场运行特点和弃渣固体废弃物特征认知的基础上,探讨弃渣取样和试验代表性问题的物理根源,依托实际工程累计数据尝试提出简单实用的弃渣工程特性评价和分类方法。结果表明:①常规交通工程弃渣的密度、颗粒分析和强度试验,由于弃渣的粒径范围差异大、颗粒空间分布不均、弃渣来源复杂等固体废弃物特征造成取样和试验代表性难题; 用多阶段坡角测量和颗粒分析试验代替传统的弃渣边坡试验,解决了试验和取样代表性难题。②利用弃渣粗细比可将弃渣分为细粒弃渣、混合型弃渣和粗粒弃渣。③根据弃渣粗细比、天然休止角和整形坡率,将西南山区交通工程弃渣分为细粒弃渣、混合型弃渣和粗粒弃渣等3类。细粒弃渣,弃渣粗细比小于0.3,天然休止角小于31.5°,整形坡率为1.00:2.00; 混合型弃渣,弃渣粗细比为0.3～1.0,天然休止角为31.5°～39.5°,整形坡率为1.00:2.00～1.00:1.50; 粗粒弃渣,弃渣粗细比大于1.0,天然休止角大于39.5°,整形坡率为1.00:1.50。④用多阶段坡角测量、颗粒分析试验和无黏性土边坡稳定性系数计算公式代替传统的弃渣边坡试验和稳定性系数计算方法,方法简单,结果保守,可以作为弃渣边坡稳定性评价和安全控制技术的有益补充。     

静脉产业园餐厨垃圾处理厂与焚烧厂协同处理运行实例和经济性分析

以广西某静脉产业园内餐厨垃圾处理厂为例,介绍了以"预处理+油脂提取+厌氧发酵+沼气净化利用"为主体的餐厨垃圾处理工艺,并对该厂与生活垃圾焚烧厂协同处理进行了经济性分析。结果表明,与餐厨厂独立运营相比,与焚烧厂协同处理年节省成本达94.83万元。     

无机灰分对餐厨沼渣中有机质热解特性的影响

针对餐厨垃圾厌氧处理所产生的沼渣具有产量大、灰分质量分数高的特点,研究沼渣中无机灰分对其热解过程的影响. 通过热重分析和热裂解?气相色谱质谱联用技术（Py-GC/MS）分析沼渣热解动力学特性及其产物. 动力学分析结果表明,沼渣除灰后,失重速率显著提高,热解起始温度由180 ℃降至160 ℃. 除灰沼渣的总表观活化能比沼渣的略高,原因可能是除灰使沼渣内部孔隙增加,在促进挥发分析出的同时,削弱了部分组分在热解过程中的催化裂解作用. 产物分析结果表明,NaCl能够促进油相产物中烃类向酮类的转化,ZnCl₂通过促进酸类的脱羧作用,使烃类质量分数提高至66.8%;Fe₂O₃和Al₂O₃使烃类物质的质量分数分别提高至66.8%和72.7%,CaO和MgO可以促进酸类脱羧生成酮,使产物中酮类的质量分数高达46.5%和39.4%.     

导热油换热器预热煤粉气流的试验研究

提出在煤粉进入燃烧室之前对煤粉气流进行预热处理的新型工艺,减轻一次风对炉膛的冷却效应,加速煤粉燃烧. 设计采用导热油预热煤粉气流的带翅板管壳式换热器,搭建中试规模试验台,通过实验研究油温、油质量流量、风温、风速、煤风质量比对系统换热特性及试验台阻力特性的影响. 试验结果验证了该换热器采用导热油来预热一次风煤粉气流的技术可行性,提出的新型预热工艺具有环保节能的现实意义. 试验结果表明,当煤风质量比为0.15时,190 ℃的导热油可以将煤粉气流从58.4 ℃预热到113 ℃以上. 提出的预热工艺有利于改善煤粉气流的着火性能,促进煤粉锅炉的低负荷稳燃.     

我国火电锅炉和电站用钢管的现状与发展

介绍了我国火电锅炉和电站用钢管的现状，以及国内外发展趋势。     

Feasibility Study of Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil Refinery Waste

Vegetable oil refinery waste containing acid oil is used as an inexpensive feedstock for producing biodiesel by microwave-assisted esterification (MAE) method. Effects of some main variables such as free fatty acid:methanol molar ratio (1:1, 1:5, and 1:10), reaction time (5, 30, and 60 min), and catalyst concentration (1%, 2%, and 3%) on physicochemical properties of produced biodiesel are investigated. Optimum reaction conditions of MAE are free fatty acid:methanol molar ratio of 1:10, reaction time of 60 min, and a catalyst concentration of 3%, while having 95.79% conversion yield. By increasing the conversion yield of the biodiesel, density and color brightness increase, while viscosity and refractive index decrease. There are no significant differences between physicochemical and heating properties of biodiesel produced by MAE and magnetic stirrer esterification (MSE) methods. Meanwhile, energy consumption of MAE method is almost four times lower than that of MSE. MAE as a promising alternative to the conventional esterification method can be considered as an energy-efficient method for producing biodiesel from inexpensive vegetable oil refinery waste. Practical applications : Acid oil is an inexpensive by-product of alkali refining in vegetable oil plants that would pollute the environment if not rendered safely. In this study, MAE is used to convert acid oil to biodiesel as a practical process for bringing alkali refining waste into production cycle. Acid oil can provide a reduction in the cost of biodiesel production. In addition, application of energy-efficient MAE method can facilitate the economical production of biodiesel.     

A replacement of traditional insulation refractory brick by a waste-derived lightweight refractory castable

Lightweight insulation refractories are essential for high-temperature performance to reduce energy consumption. This study investigates a new insulation material, that is, solid waste rice husk ash (RHA) derived lightweight refractory castable, replacing traditional insulation refractory brick. The RHA is generated after the burning of rice husk as biomass fuel. The RHA is used as an aggregate and alkali-extracted silica sol from RHA as a binder to fabricate the insulation castable. The nanosilica containing (~30 wt%) sol is employed to synthesize the refractory castable by varying the sol amount (2.5-12.5 wt% silica from sol). The castable specimens are cast by a vibro-caster and fired at 900-1200°C in a muffle furnace. The physic-mechanical and thermal conductivity (κ) of the castable is investigated. At 1100°C with 10 wt% dry sol retaining sample shows an excellent apparent porosity (~65%), low bulk density (~ 0.8 g/cm³), and κ (0.136 W/m k) with sustainable compressive strength (6 MPa). The acquired results are a good match with the literature (other wastes-derived insulation materials) and industrial (silica insulation brick) obtained data. These promising outcomes may inspire the refractory industries for using RHA as an aggregate and RHA extracted sol as a binder for making insulation castable.     

医药副产含磷废盐的提纯研究

随着精细化工及中间体产品的发展,各类副产废盐量不断增加,由于其产生量大及难处理等特点,成为阻碍行业发展的一大瓶颈。主要开展了医药副产含磷废盐的提纯实验研究,针对废盐产生的途径和特性,采用洗脱剂（甲醇-乙醇）+活性炭混合洗脱与重结晶的方式,分别去除废盐中的有机物和氯化钠,回收可利用的磷酸盐,实现废盐的提纯资源化。当洗脱剂与废盐的体积质量比为1 mL/g、洗脱剂甲醇与乙醇的体积比为4∶6、活性炭用量为废盐质量的0.4%时,废盐中的有机物得到了有效去除。随后对得到的混盐进行重结晶得到回收磷酸盐,回收磷酸盐的纯度可达98%以上,符合工业磷酸盐行业标准的要求。将含磷废盐提纯回收磷酸盐,1 t废盐的处理成本约为174.24元,可回收0.61 t磷酸盐,实现了废盐的资源化再利用。     

砂岩翻砂废砂在水泥生料配料中的应用

我公司拥有2×2 500 t/d新型干法水泥生产线,在生产中逐步以废砂来替代砂岩进行生料配料,本文探讨了废砂的使用对水泥生产过程、熟料质量性能以及成本效益等方面的影响。结果表明：使用废砂替代砂岩进行水泥生料配料煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料,未对熟料煅烧过程及熟料性能产生不良影响,烟气排放指标和熟料质量技术指标均符合国家标准要求。按我公司目前年产熟料110万t、掺加量按5.8%计算,年消耗废砂约10.0万t,每年节约成本约100万元,经济效益明显。