Collection Conduits Including Subsurface Drains

Numerous types of pipes and channels with spatially increasing flows in environmental engineering applications are identified by type and function and referred to as collection conduits. An overview of methods for designing and analyzing collection conduits is provided. Full conduits with nonuniform and uniform inflow are first considered. Dimensional analysis is then employed to demonstrate the relationship between variables for open channels; that leads to the identification of possibilities for generalized numerical solutions. Prior collection conduit applications are discussed within the framework of the dimensional analysis (which also pertains to some constant-flow applications). A previously unpublished generalized numerical solution for rectangular collection conduits is presented. Subsurface drains are addressed with particular emphasis, including the use of numerical methods to develop a new generalized chart and relation to other design methods. Among the important conclusions for subsurface drains is that the somewhat common practice of using Manning’s equation alone for such problems is not generally adequate. Examples and practical design suggestions are included, and the use of computer-based numerical methods is discussed more generally.     

大型连杆流线简易试验方法

介绍了一种大型连杆流线的简易试验方法及其评价原则。该方法可清晰显示流线，并适合任何尺寸和形状的锻造连杆的流线试验。     

哈得4联合站技术改造

位于塔克拉玛干大沙漠腹地的哈得4油田,2004年成为全国最大的沙漠油田,2005年产量达到200×104t。在对联合站存在问题逐一分析的基础上,提出了技术改造的措施。现场采集的运行数据表明技术改造效果明显,增强了流程可靠性,提高了自动化水平,降低了能耗。     

试论循环水装置的经济性及其成本分析

通过对循环水装置的投资和成本分析，阐述了建设该装置的经济性和社会意义。     

水煤浆燃烧技术及其发展

分析了水煤浆雾化燃烧的技术状况、应用方向和存在问题，介绍了水煤浆流化—悬浮高效洁净燃烧新技术及其优点，结合实践应用情况，分析了发展水煤浆流化—悬浮燃烧技术的意义和应用前景。     

低温低渗透砂岩油藏窜流大孔道深部封堵技术研究

所用堵剂为高强度的淀粉接枝聚丙烯酰胺交联凝胶SAMG-1,由<6%淀粉、4.5%-5.5%丙烯酰胺、0.003%-0.006%交联剂组成,35℃成胶时间受淀粉和交联剂用量控制,为18-20小时以上,成胶前黏度-100 mPa.s。该堵剂具有长期稳定性,在储层岩心中注入深度15 cm的堵剂,在35℃候凝48小时后及老化90天后,封堵强度分别为0.61和0.59 MPa/cm,封堵率分别为98.6%和98.1%。该堵剂优先进入高渗层,注入0.5 PV并成胶后,2组双填砂管组成的模型低、高渗管渗透率保留率分别为68.4%、0.7%和69.4%、0.0%。吉林扶余油田西一区+15-8.2区块有水井6口,油井13口,含水率达91.5%,注入水最快在5天内到达油井。报道了该区块整体深部调剖封堵窜流通道的情况,详细叙述了+15-9.2井施工中通过注入压力和井底回压控制注入流量,使堵剂陆续进入原生和次生孔道的工艺作业,该井设计注入堵剂92 m3。6口水井整体调剖后,油井产液量差别减小,产油量增加,有效期已超过了9个月,共增油843 t,含水平均下降3.87%。图7表1参8。     

自喷井电动清蜡绞车的研制

针对目前石油钻采用清蜡绞车总体结构设计不合理以及实用性不强等技术难题,研制开发了自喷井电动清蜡绞车。该绞车的核心部件包括过载保护安全装置、牙嵌离合器轴套、自动/手动互换装置、计量装置以及密封装置。在清蜡绞车自动工作中,当清蜡刮刀遇到较大阻力时,清蜡绞车将接收到反馈信号,可实现智能停车,自动转换为手动状态,以便操作人员检查和排除故障,从而确保了操作的安全性,延长了设备的使用寿命。1000余台电动清蜡绞车的现场应用表明,该产品可以大大降低原油的开采成本,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

The influence of plastic properties on chip formation

A two-dimensional finite-element model of the chip formation process is used to study the influence of the material law determining plastic flow on chip formation of titanium alloys at high cutting speeds. For simplicity, friction and thermo-mechanical properties of the tool are neglected in the simulations. Titanium chips are strongly segmented and therefore especially suitable to study the role of segmentation for the cutting force and other cutting parameters. Of special interest is the influence of the thermal softening parameter in the material law. Increasing thermal softening leads to a drastic decrease in the cutting force and a corresponding increase in chip segmentation. A variation of the hardening exponent is also performed. It is shown that the simulation results can be understood by using adiabatic flow stress curves. The variation of the hardening exponent leads to strongly differing chip shapes, although the cutting force stays nearly constant. This shows that mean cutting forces should not be used as simulation verification parameters.     

Heavy Metals Bioremediation from Polluted Water by Glass-Ceramic Materials

The objective of this research was to study the removal of cadmium and lead from an aqueous solution through a biological treatment. For this purpose a glass-ceramic material was manufactured from industrial and urban wastes. Biofilms of microorganisms found in wastewater were developed on its surface, and continuous tests were conducted in the presence and absence of the biofilm to analyze the glass-ceramic's ability to remove the heavy metals from an aqueous environment. The results suggest that this bioremediation process, developed on an industrial scale, could represent an alternative to the chemical processes currently used.     

正确选择气顶油藏高效开发模式

通过对不同类型气顶油藏的油气水分布特征及气顶和边水能量的研究分析，计算水侵量与边水体积及合理的弹性产率。提出适合气顶油藏特点的开发模式是先开采油区后开采气顶，并以唐家河油田港深18—2断块为例，证明采用该模式可以高效开发气顶油藏。图3表1参6