Simulation of nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat using the Danish simulation model DAISY

A dynamic simulation model for the soil plant system is described. The model includes a number of main modules, viz., a hydrological model including a submodel for soil water dynamics, a soil temperature model, a soil nitrogen model including a submodel for soil organic matter dynamics, and a crop model including a submodel for nitrogen uptake. The soil part of the model has a one-dimensional vertical structure. The soil profile is divided into layers on the basis of physical and chemical soil characteristics. The simulation model was used to simulate soil nitrogen dynamics and biomass production in winter wheat grown at two locations at various levels of nitrogen fertilization. The simulated results were compared to experimental data including concentration of inorganic nitrogen in soil, crop yield, and nitrogen accumulated in the aboveground part of the crop. Based on this validation it is concluded that the overall performance of the model is satisfactory although some minor adjustments of the model may prove to be necessary.     

预处理方式对小麦秸秆制备高吸水性树脂的影响

以小麦秸秆为原料合成高吸水性树脂需首先对秸秆进行预处理,通过实验分析,比较了预处理方式如酸处理、碱浸泡、氨水浸泡、碱蒸煮及其联合处理对秸秆及高吸水性树脂的影响;用晶相显微镜、IR等表征了处理前后秸秆的微观形貌、化学结构及树脂的化学结构等;结果表明,比较理想的预处理方式是碱蒸煮处理〔w(NaOH)=14%的水溶液、150℃、0.6 MPa、30 m in〕结合浓度为1 mol/L的硝酸在100℃下处理30 m in,及w(NH3.H2O)=10%的氨水室温浸泡48 h结合浓度为1 mol/L的硝酸在100℃下处理45 m in;两种方式所得高吸水性树脂吸收纯水的质量倍率分别为405 g/g和293 g/g,吸收w(复混肥)=0.1%的水溶液的质量倍率分别为124 g/g和82g/g〔复混肥中w(N)=w(P)=w(K)=10%,N、P、K分别以尿素、过磷酸钙、氯化钾存在〕。     

世玛3%OF防除春麦田禾本科杂草药效试验

田间试验结果表明，用世玛225ml/hm^2 Genapol LRO 600ml/hm^2,40d对野燕麦（Auena fatua）、多花黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum)鲜重效果分别为88.1%、94.0%。对小麦安全，与对照比增产15.3%。     

Integrated fertilizer requirements of groundnut-wheat cropping system

Investigations were carried out in a long term field experiment from 1976 to 1982, on a loamy sand soil to find out the fertilizer requirements of groundnut and wheat grown in fixed rotation. Application of 26 kgP/ha to wheat alone was found to be sufficient for both wheat and succeeding groundnut. Application of phosphorus to both wheat and groundnut did not result in extra beneficial effect over P application to wheat alone. However, application of 26 kg P/ha to groundnut alone was not sufficient for succeeding wheat. There was no response from K application (25 kg K/ha) in either of these two crops. Increasing the dose of N from 50–150 kg/ha to wheat significantly increased the grain yield of wheat but the pod yield of succeeding groundnut were markedly lowered. Response of wheat to 150 kg N/ha was more marked when P was also applied to wheat and response was less when P was applied to preceding groundnut alone. Zinc application at 6.25 kg/ha to wheat alone resulted in significant increase in grain yield of wheat and pod yield of succeeding groundnut.     

麦田草害及其化学防除

麦田杂草不仅种类多而且适应性广，抗逆性强，严重威胁着大，小麦生产。麦田化学除草，首先要正确选用对口除草剂品种，提高整地和施药质量。     

Phosphate sorption approach for determining phosphorus requirements of wheat in calcareous soils

Five field experiments involving P application rates from 0 to 66 kg P ha^–1 were conducted on irrigated wheat at Tandojam, Pakistan. The soils belonged to two great soil groups, Torrifluvent and Camborthid. All soils were calcareous. Olsen-P contents ranged from 3.5 to 6.3 mg P kg^–1. Phosphate sorption curves were developed for soils from control (no P) plots at each site. Concentrations of P in solution established by fertilization in the field as estimated from the sorption curves ranged from 0.008 to 0.16mg P L^–1. Actual grain yields were converted to relative grain yields and plotted against corresponding concentrations of P in solution. Yield response to P application was obtained in each experiment. Control plot yields ranged from 57 to 89% of maximum yield of respective experiments. Phosphorus requirements of wheat were 0.032 mg L^–1 for 95% yield as determined from a composite yield response curve. Predicted quantities of P required to attain 0.032 mg P L^–1 ranged from 18 to 29 kg P ha^–1. The results of the study suggest that the P sorption approach can be used as a rational basis for making P fertilizer recommendations for various soil-crop combinations.     

The role of manganese and nitrogen nutrition in the susceptibility of wheat plants to take-all in Western Australia

Five field experiments are described which measured the effect of take-all on grain yield of wheat when 5 levels of manganese fertilizer were applied in a factorial combination with 5 different types of nitrogen fertilizer.Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, either as ammonium sulphate or ammonium chloride, lowered the severity of take-all. By contrast, sodium nitrate had no effect on the incidence and severity of take-all. Ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate were equally effective at controlling take-all, suggesting that the chloride or sulphate ion had little or no effect on the disease.Manganese sulphate decreased take-all severity at two trial sites. Where manganese was deficient, an application of manganese lowered the severity of take-all, had no effect on the incidence and increased the dry matter and grain yields of the wheat plants. There were no beneficial effects of applied manganese if the wheat plants were adequately supplied with soil manganese.The results suggest that take-all is more severe where plants are deficient in either manganese or nitrogen. The work also suggests that manganese deficiency is not necessarily the reason why the wheat plants grown on the acid soils of south-west Western Australia are prone to take-all.     

Cr3+、Pb2+单一及复合胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响

研究在污染条件下小麦对重金属胁迫的反应,为农业生产中早期诊断重金属污染提供一些依据。用Cr3+、Pb2+及Cr3+、Pb2+混合溶液的各种浓度溶液处理小麦,研究Cr3+、Pb2+及Cr3+、Pb2+混合溶液对小麦萌发和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明:在Pb2+的培养环境中,各个浓度下的发芽率相差不多;在Cr3+的培养环境中,小麦的发芽率随着浓度的增加呈下降趋势,浓度越大对小麦发芽率的抑制作用越明显;在Cr3+、Pb2+混合的培养环境中,各个浓度下的发芽率随浓度的增加而呈降低的趋势,并且各个浓度下发芽率基本都相对低于相同浓度下的单一Cr3+、Pb2+的发芽率。在低浓度的重金属离子中,游离脯氨酸的含量与重金属离子浓度呈正相关。     

小麦品种知识图谱构建与可视化研究

为探索知识图谱技术在农业智能生产中应用与落地, 解决复杂多样的农业生产数据的精准查询与可视化问题, 本研究以小麦品种知识为例, 利用爬虫技术, 爬取1852个小麦品种信息、735个微百科、102349个词条; 基于知识图谱技术, 设计品种知识图谱实体与关系, 对抓取数据进行清洗、抽取与融合, 经过实体识别、关系构造等处理, 构建实体258484个, 关系328933个. 在此基础上, 设计了小麦品种知识存储方式, 结构化数据存储在MySQL中, 非结构化数据存储在MongoDB中, 使用Neo4j图数据库存储知识图谱来提高知识的查询性能, 在此基础上实现小麦品种关系查询与实体识别, 提供品种数据精确表达与可视化, 表明利用知识图谱技术实现品种等信息的可视化是可行的, 该研究可以为知识图谱在农业中的应用提供技术参考和理论支撑.     

灌浆期小麦排水指标的试验研究

采用测坑原位受淹试验的方法研究了灌浆期小麦在涝渍胁迫下产量要素的响应。试验表明小 麦相对产量与涝渍综合水深具有良好的线性关系,小麦产量随着淹水历时的增加而降低。此外,淹水 还直接导致小麦千粒重降低、穗粒数减少、植株易倒伏等变化,而淹水对小麦有效穗数和株高影响不 大。最后,提出了排水控制指标与小麦减产率的关系形式。