Crystalline complex between poly(γ-methyl l-glutamate) and dimethyl phthalate

The crystalline complex between poly(γ-methyl l-glutamate) (PMLG) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) has been formed in films cast from a solution in dichloroethane. It has the stoichiometry of 1 mol of DMP to three or four residues of PMLG and shows two definite characteristics in X-ray diffraction patterns; one is the large hexagonal unit cell with the edge of around 28 Å and another the ‘extra’ 5.07 Å meridional reflection which can not be interpreted by a PMLG α-helical conformation. The structural examination for the films with various DMP contents is carried out by X-ray, viscoelastic, and d.s.c. measurements and the following structure is proposed for the crystalline complex. Four PMLG are associated to form a group which is hexagonally packed and DMP molecules, located in the gaps between groups, form a specific favourable helical structure along PMLG chains in which the van der Waals stacking of benzene rings of DMP is significant.     

聚丙烯餐盒复用过程中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂和合成酚类抗氧化剂的检测及迁移规律研究

目的 建立气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)同时测定聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)餐盒中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂和合成酚类抗氧化剂含量的分析方法,并研究其在复用过程中向酸性食品模拟物(4%乙酸)、非酸性食品模拟物(10%乙醇、水)以及油脂类食品模拟物(异辛烷、橄榄油)的迁移量。方法 PP餐盒经正己烷超声提取,食品模拟物根据其不同的性质选择不同萃取液,液液萃取辅以超声提取,经SH-Rxi-5MS (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm)石英毛细管柱分离,单离子监测(single ion monitoring, SIM)模式扫描,外标法定量。结果 20种化合物的线性关系在0.01~1.00 mg/L范围内表现良好,其相关系数均大于0.99,检出限和定量限分别是0.01~0.02 mg/L和0.03~0.06 mg/L。5种食品模拟物在0.05、0.10和0.50 mg/L 3个水平下加标回收率为80.4%~108.4%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~10.6% (n=6)。结论 该方法实验过程简便,灵敏度、精密度、回收率高,适用于PP餐盒中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂和合成酚类抗氧化剂含量和迁移量的测定。实验结果可知,PP餐盒在热接触和微波加热的复用过程中均有一定程度的迁移,需要引起重视。     

邻苯二甲酸二烯丙基酯树脂固化特性的研究

运用示差扫描量热(DSC)法研究了邻苯二甲酸二烯丙基酯(DAP)树脂的固化反应历程。讨论了引发剂对DAP固化特性的影响,并由DSC曲线得到了DAP树脂的固化工艺和动力学参数。通过固化度、FT-IR的测试对DAP树脂在中温条件下的固化情况进行了研究。结果表明:在过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)固化体系中引入BPO可以使DAP树脂在更低温度下引发固化;在BPO、DCP用量均为2%的条件下,确定了体系的凝胶温度、固化温度、后处理温度分别为:100.5℃,124.3℃,137.8℃,表观活化能为129.3 kJ/mol,反应级数为0.950。固化度、FTIR的测试结果表明:DAP树脂在中温条件下可以固化得较完全。     

Studies on ballistic parameters of di-butyl phthalate-coated triple base propellant used in large caliber artillery gun ammunition

Triple base propellant (TBP) containing mainly nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine, and nitroguanidine has been manufactured and coated with plasticizer in the present work. The aim was to study ballistics of di-butyl phthalate (DBP)-coated TBP. DBP solution in ethanol containing nitrocellulose dope was used for coating onto the propellant grains. DBP-deterred propellant showed inhibition to burning, resulting in lowering the values of ballistic parameters namely peak pressure (P_max), dP_max, pressure index (α), and burning rate coefficient (β) during closed vessel firing. Increase in percentage of DBP in coating solution led to further decrease in ballistic parameters. Dynamic evaluation of the surface-moderated propellant showed comparatively lower muzzle velocity and chamber pressure for deterred propellant batches without leaving any unburnt particles in gun chamber at subzero temperatures with the lowest possible charge mass. The DBP-coated propellant can be useful in 155-mm artillery gun to achieve higher loading density as it has lower flame temperature and chamber pressure as compared to uncoated propellant which will result in increasing barrel life due to reduction in the barrel erosion.     

A Comparison of the Migration of ‘Spiked’ and ‘Intrinsic’ Substances from Paper and Board into Raisins and into Tenax as a Food Simulant

Four samples of paper and board (P/B) of a type used for packaging dry foods were subjected to migration experiments using raisins and the polymeric powder Tenax as a food simulant. The P/B samples contained only low levels of diisopropylnaphthalene (DiPN) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and so, experiments were also conducted after spiking the P/B with added model substances. These were o‐xylene, acetophenone, dodecane, benzophenone, DiPN and DiBP. Migration experiments into raisins and Tenax were conducted for 10 days at 40°C. Migration levels depended strongly on the nature of the substance. Migration from spiked P/B samples was more extensive (as a percentage of that available) than migration of intrinsic migratable substances, and so, studying spiked samples tends to be conservative. It is considered likely that this is because of binding of substances, especially aromatics with pi‐electrons such as DiPN and DiBP, to active sites on the surface of P/B fibres, resulting in non‐linear absorption isotherms. However, further work would be needed to prove this conclusively. Considering the results overall and also that raisins packed in P/B can have a shelf life of up to 1 year at ambient temperatures, the test results using Tenax as a food simulant are considered to be appropriate without application of a correction factor. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rotary-vane compressors: Some technical aspects of long-life lubricants

Compressors are used all over the world for various individual applications; the current application concerns their use in the ozone process of water treatment. Technical data on different mineral and synthetic lubricants are given. In particular, a new oil was chosen for investigation. Field testing was undertaken over more than 6000 h on two different locations. Used oil monitoring was conducted by sampling during the experiment; analyses of physical and chemical parameters were made and their kinetics are described. Wear, viscometrics and ozone process interaction are discussed in this study.     

火锅底料包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂迁移的研究

目的 火锅底料中的油脂含量较高,复合塑料内包装袋中的塑化剂对火锅底料存在一定污染风险。研究不同内包装材料、灌装温度、存放温度及存放时间对包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂迁移的影响,为火锅底料内包装袋材料的选择和火锅底料灌装工艺条件的设置提供科学依据。方法 采用气相色谱–质谱联用技术,定性、定量研究各种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的迁移量。结果 火锅底料常使用PA/PE类型的复合包装,其塑化剂迁移量相较于PA/PP、PET/PA和BOPA/PE包装更高。随着灌装温度和存放温度的升高,以及存放时间的延长,塑化剂的迁移量不断增大,不同灌装温度、存放温度对邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂迁移量的影响较大。在火锅底料中,最易发生DBP、DEHP的迁移,未检出其他指标。结论 直接接触火锅底料的包装材料、灌装温度、存放温度、存放时间均会对邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的迁移造成显著影响。为了减少包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的迁移量,建议避免使用PA15/PE65作为火锅底料的内包装材料,灌装温度不宜超过70 ℃,在低温下存放,并尽快食用。     

Modification of bismaleimide resin by poly(propylene phthalate), poly(butylene phthalate) and related (co)polyesters

Aromatic polyesters were prepared and used to decrease the brittleness of the bismaleimide resin composed of 4,4′-bismaleimidediphenyl methane (BMI) and o,o′-diallyl bisphenol A (DBA) (Matrimid 5292 resin). The aromatic polyesters included poly(propylene phthalate) (PPP), poly(2,2-dimethylpropylene phthalate) (PDPP), poly(butylene phthalate) (PBP) and poly(butylene phthalate-co-butylene terephthalate) (50mol% terephthalate unit) (PBPT). The polyesters were effective modifiers for decreasing the brittleness of the bismaleimide resin. For example, inclusion of 20wt% PPP (MW 18700) led to 50% increase in the fracture toughness (K_IC) with retention of flexural properties and a slight loss of the glass transition temperature, compared with the mechanical and thermal properties of the unmodified cured bismaleimide resin. Micro-structures of the modified resins were examined by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic viscoelastic analysis. The thermal stability of the modified resins was slightly lower than that of the unmodified resin as determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The toughening mechanism is discussed in terms of the morphological and dynamic viscoelastic behaviour of the modified bismaleimide resin system. © 1998 SCI.     

Synthesis,characterization, and rheological studies of methacrylic acid–ethyl acrylate–diallyl phthalate copolymers

Copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethyl acrylate (EA) was performed by the emulsion polymerization technique in the presence of a mixture of ionic and nonionic emulsifiers, at 85°C, using potassium persulfate as initiator (0.16 wt % of monomer). The molar ratio of MAA : EA varied between 44 : 56 and 54 : 46 in the monomer feed. Copolymers of MAA and EA were synthesized by incorporating diallyl phthalate (DAP) with varying concentrations (0–1.7 mol % of total monomer) in the feed. A copolymer latex of MAA, EA, and DAP was also prepared by the variable feed process. The intrinsic viscosity and gel content were determined. Copolymers were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The composition of copolymers was determined by ¹H‐NMR spectra and sequential distribution from ¹³C{¹H}‐NMR spectra. The pH of the copolymer emulsion varied between 3 and 10 by addition of aqueous ammonia (23% w/w) and its effect on Brookfield viscosity was studied. The effects of copolymer composition, crosslinking agent concentration in the feed, monomer feed process, polymer solid contents, and shear rate on Brookfield viscosity were studied at pH ～ 8. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1430–1441, 2003     

Investigation of the Effect of DOP on Polyaniline and Polyaniline/Polystyrene Nanocomposites

Polyaniline nanocomposite was prepared in aqueous media by polymerization of aniline using ((NH₄)₂S₂O₈) as an oxidant in the presence of dioctyl phthalate (DOP). Also polyaniline/polystyrene (PAn/PS) nanocomposite was prepared in the aqueous solution by polymerization of styrene and aniline using potassium iodate (KIO₃) and ammonium peroxy disulfate ((NH₄)₂S₂O₈) as oxidant in the presence of dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The PAn and PAn/PS nanocomposites were characterized in terms of morphology, chemical structure and glass transition temperature. The chemical structure, morphology and glass transition temperature of product were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).