APC''''s NCPI--infraStruXure

本文介绍了APC的NCPI--infraStruXure.     

APC计算机控制系统研制

本文采用工控机及光电耦合开关量输入／输出接口板，开发了FMS中底层设备APC的控制系统，实现了该设备在FMS控制器的指令下的自动循环控制。     

封闭型分散控制系统在运用APC时应注意的问题及其解决方法

阐述了封闭型分散控制系统由于自身的局限，在实施APC控制技术时存在的一些问题，提出了解决方法，并以μXL DCS为实例，进行剖析。     

先进控制技术在常减压装置的应用

以大庆石化总厂第3套常减压装置(CDU)实施先进控制为应用背景，深入浅出地介绍了石油加工装置先进控制(APC)的基本原理及其应用实施过程，指出了先进控制技术是改造传统产业的一项高新技术，在石油加工装置(如CDU，RF—CC)实施先进控制可以稳定生产，大幅度地降低生产成本，可为企业带来巨大的经济效益。是今后流程行业应大力推广的重大技术措施之一。     

Characterization of air pollution control residues produced in a municipal solid waste incinerator in Portugal

This study is mainly related with the physical and chemical characterization of a solid waste, produced in a municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration process, which is usually referred as air pollution control (APC) residue. The moisture content, loss on ignition (LOI), particle size distribution, density, porosity, specific surface area and morphology were the physical properties addressed here. At the chemical level, total elemental content (TC), total availability (TA) and the leaching behaviour with compliance tests were determined, as well as the acid neutralization capacity (ANC). The main mineralogical crystalline phases were identified, and the thermal behaviour of the APC residues is also shown. The experimental work involves several techniques such as laser diffraction spectrometry, mercury porosimetry, helium pycnometry, gas adsorption, flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), ion chromatography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). The results point out that the APC residues do not comply with regulations in force at the developed countries, and therefore the waste should be considered hazardous. Among the considered heavy metals, lead, zinc and chromium were identified as the most problematic ones, and their total elemental quantities are similar for several samples collected in an industrial plant at different times. Moreover, the high amount of soluble salts (NaCl, KCl, calcium compounds) may constitute a major problem and should be taken into account for all management strategies. The solubility in water is very high (more than 24% for a solid/liquid ratio of 10) and thus the possible utilizations of this residue are very limited, creating difficulties also in the ordinary treatments, such as in solidification/stabilization with binders.     

The efficacy of disinfectant misting in the lairage of a pig abattoir to reduce Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae on pigs prior to slaughter

Water misting/showers are used in abattoir lairages to improve meat quality, and to cool and calm pigs after transport and during hot weather. One novel approach, which has not been investigated to date, is to add a disinfectant to the misting water as a means of topically reducing Salmonella on pigs prior to slaughter, thereby potentially controlling this organism in the abattoir. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate misting with water or with Virkon^® S (an approved disinfectant for use in the presence of animals), for their ability to topically reduce Salmonella on high seroprevalence pig herds before stunning and to reduce Enterobacteriaceae.Three experimental groups were investigated: control group (i.e., no misting); water group (misting with cold, 15–17 °C, water, herein referred to as water); and a disinfectant group (misting with 0.5% Virkon^® S). As pigs entered the abattoir, each animal was swabbed along its back before being allocated to its experimental group. Each group was randomly assigned to one of 3 lairage pens that were separated by non-trial pens. After 30 min of misting with water or disinfectant, pigs were moved to the stunning area, where each pig was again swabbed, as above. Swabs were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae.Before misting, Salmonella prevalence on the pigs was 79.0%, 72.1% and 83.6% for the control, water and disinfectant groups, respectively. After misting, Salmonella prevalence increased to 94.3% in the water group; whereas for the disinfectant group, the prevalence increased marginally to 85.9%. No change in Salmonella prevalence was detected for the control group. In line with the Salmonella results, no significant differences were observed in Enterobacteriaceae counts in the control group at either time point (4.37 and 5.01 log₁₀ CFU/cm², respectively) or in the disinfectant group before and after misting (4.02 and 4.26 log₁₀ CFU/cm², respectively). However, a 2.3 log₁₀ CFU/cm² increase in Enterobacteriaceae was recorded for the water group after misting as compared to before misting (p < 0.05).Since misting with water alone increased topical Salmonella contamination on pigs before slaughter, a risk assessment based on known Salmonella data, meat quality and welfare is recommended to determine whether its use is justifiable. On the other hand, the findings from this study suggest that misting with Virkon^® S at 0.5% could have a role in topical antisepsis of pigs contaminated with Salmonella prior to slaughter and as such this warrants further investigation.     

先进控制技术在延迟焦化装置焦碳塔给水操作中的应用

以镇海炼化延迟焦化装置为背景,通过对延迟焦化装置中焦炭塔的给水冷焦操作分析,设计了延迟焦化装置给水操作的先进控制系统。工业实际应用表明：先进控制系统投运后,缩短了给水冷焦时间,降低操作强度,并明显改善给水操作的平稳性、提高过程控制精度。     

提高延迟焦化装置加热炉热效率的技改措施

洛阳石化1400kt/a延迟焦化装置加热炉采用一炉两塔流程,于2008年6月投产,计算热负荷为45.41MW,加热炉为两室四管程双面辐射箱式结构,加热介质为减压渣油。为降低装置能耗,于2011年9月对加热炉进行改造。改造内容包括更换燃烧器、改造空气预热器、采用先进控制、改造炉墙和增加仪表监测。改造后,利用FLUENT软件,对燃烧室中燃料气的燃烧特性和新型燃烧器某截面的温度场进行数值模拟,分析得出,新型燃烧器大幅降低了燃烧过程中氮氧化物的生成,保证了燃料气在低过剩空气系数下的充分燃烧;计算表明,空气预热器的改造提高加热炉热效率0.92%。先进控制技术的应用,减轻了劳动强度,提高了调节精度和加热炉运行的平稳率,达到了提高加热炉热效率的目的。综合改造后,加热炉热效率高达93.45%,与改造前相比,热效率提高1.81%。     

粗轧控制系统的设计与应用

结合生产实际,对粗轧控制系统进行综合设计。介绍粗轧控制系统的结构,以及粗轧核心APC控制、粗轧RAWC控制和带铜SSC控制的控制思想并给出相应控制算法。     

IMC预测控制在德州电厂摆角控制再热汽温的应用

通过摆角自动控制实现再热汽温的精细调控,一直是燃煤机组电厂的一大难题。通过德州电厂1号机组摆角再热汽温控制改造前后的系统分析,得出采用北京控软公司先进控制系统AECS-2000 IN-TUNE(建模、优化引擎)与MANTRA(运行引擎)中的IMC内模预测控制、MMC多变量解耦控制器、CC协调控制模块以及APC模块等先进控制技术及策略方法,能够解决再热汽温的精细控制,并能提高机组的安全经济运行和节能减排效果,对同类型电厂具有一定的应用参考价值。简单分析了该软件的新控制技术以及策略方法,展望未来电厂先进控制技术的发展方向和前景。