Computer analysis,design and simulation of horizontal ground heat exchangers

This paper presents a new computerized procedure for dealing with the design of horizontal ground heat exchangers (HGHE). The computer program is based on the transient model of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations governing heat and mass flow in soils. The model is two-dimensional and delineates the operation of ground heat storage with the HGHE and such phenomena as freezing/thawing and drying/rewetting of soil moisture. Comprehensive climatological data, such as ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind velocity, rainfall, snowfall, snow characterstics, and water vapour pressure is used to simulate conditions at the ground surface over any required length of time. The package can be applied to any geographical location by changing climatic and soil data input. The designer has the possibility of selecting any of 12 types of soils from sand to clay, 12 commercial heat pumps, nine different configurations of the HGHE, 16 plastic pipes for ground coils, and 13 ground coil fluids. The program, however, does not calculate the length of the HGHE but it evaluates the thermodynamic performance of a ground heat pump system and provides comprehensive data on thermal and hydraulic conditions in ground heat storage. The length of the ground heat exchanger is obtained from a line source theory model or from site dimensions and pipe spacing. Computed results for ground heat exchanger operation correlate fairly well with experimental data. Simulation of temperature and moisture content in the ground for natural conditions (no heat extraction/deposition) showed a fair agreement with field data. The entire computer program is user-friendly, interactive, menu-driven, and written in FORTRAN 77.     

气—液式热管换热器在硫酸工业中的应用研究

本文研制的气－液式热管换热器应用于硫酸生产中ＳＯ３气体的余热回收。它具有传热性能好、流动阻力小、寿命长、体积小、节能效果显著和易清垢等优点。     

Thermal design method of bayonet-tube evaporators and condensers

The paper describes an effectiveness-NTU design method of bayonet-tube evaporators and condensers. Including the effect of the wall superheat on the shell-side film coefficient, and using an energy balance on the tube, differential equations for the steady-state fluid temperatures are formulated. Because of the nonlinear nature of the governing equations, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is employed to the solution of the finite difference equations. The results are iterated with the combination of integration techniques. An upper bound to the numerical error being ±5% the fluid temperature distribution as well as the exchanger effectiveness are determined, and presented as a function of the Hurd number, the number of heat transfer units and the flow arrangement. For flow entering through the inner tube, the temperature distribution displays the occurrence of a minimum at a point other than the tube-tip of the exchanger. In an extension of the analysis, an effort is made to illustrate the deviation of the results obtained by uniform film coefficient from the present study, and the differences are outlined.     

Kinetic model for water/oil absorption of mesquite gum (Prosopis juliflora) and gum arabic (Acacia senegal)

The water and oil uptake of mesquite and arabic gums in powdered form was studied at temperatures of 23, 35 and 45°C. A previously proposed equation to predict osmotic equilibrium was tested using the experimental data with both gums and a good statistical fit was obtained. Mesquite gum showed the highest water and oil absorption at all temperatures studied. Temperature dependence of the reciprocal of the S₁ and WL_∞ were determined using an Arrhenius equation. The activation energy for water and oil absorption for gum arabic was 21.98 and 39.57 kJ mol⁻¹, compared to that of mesquite gum having values of 15.79 and 46.16 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. A second order kinetic model was obtained for water and oil absorption for both gums.     

热泵型一拖二变频空调器的开发

将国内外最新的变容量控制、电子膨胀阀控制、室内外机独立解耦控制和智能旁通除霜控制等控制方法与计算机仿真优化设计应用于热泵型变频一拖二空调系统的开发,给出了系统的原理、结构,并进行了实验研究。结果表明,系统运行稳定可靠,性能系数达到国内同类产品的领先水平,并超过了国家单元分体热泵空调器的节能标准。也为多元变容量空调系统奠定了理论与实验基础。     

An experimental study on the pumping performance of molecular drag pumps

The pumping performance of molecular drag pumps (MDP) has been investigated experimentally. The experimented MDPs are a disk-type drag pump (DTDP), helical-type drag pump (HTDP) and compound drag pump (CDP), respectively. In the case of the DTDP, spiral channels of a rotor are cut on both upper surface and lower surface of a rotating disk, and the corresponding stator is a planar disk. In the case of the HTDP, the rotor has six rectangular grooves. The CDP consists with the DTDP, at lower part, and with the HTDP, at upper part. The experiments are performed in the outlet pressure range of 0.2–533 Pa. The inlet pressure and compression ratio are measured under the various conditions of outlet pressure and throughputs, and nitrogen is used for the test gas. At the outlet pressure of 0.2 Pa, the ultimate pressure has been reached to 1.0 × 10⁻² Pa for the HTDP, 1.3 × 10⁻⁴ Pa for the DTDP, and 3.6 × 10⁻⁵ Pa for the CDP. The maximum compression ratio of the CDP is much higher than those of the DTDP or HTDP. Consequently, the ultimate pressure of the CDP is the lowest one.     

Simulation of the VVER-1000 pump start-up experiment of the OECD V1000CT benchmark with CATHARE and TRAC-PF1

In the framework of joint effort between the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of OECD, the United States Department of Energy (US DOE), and the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA), France a coupled three-dimensional (3D) thermal-hydraulics/neutron kinetics benchmark for VVER-1000 was defined. The benchmark consists of calculation of a pump start-up experiment labelled V1000CT-1 (Phase 1), as well as a vessel mixing experiment and main steam line break (MSLB) transient labelled V1000CT-2 (Phase 2), respectively. The reference nuclear plant is Kozloduy-6 in Bulgaria. The overall objective is to assess computer codes used in the analysis of VVER-1000 reactivity transients. A specific objective is to assess the vessel mixing models used in system codes. Plant data are available for code validation consisting of one experiment of pump start-up (V1000CT-1) and one experiment of steam generator isolation (V1000CT-2). The validated codes can be used to calculate asymmetric MSLB transients involving similar mixing patterns. This paper summarizes a comparison of CATHARE and TRAC-PF1 system code results for V1000CT-1, Exercise 1, which is a full plant point kinetics simulation of a reactor coolant system (RCS) pump start-up experiment. The reference plant data include integral and sector average parameters. The comparison is made from the point of view of vessel mixing and full system simulation. CATHARE used a six-sector multiple 1D vessel thermal-hydraulic model with cross flows and TRAC used a six-sector, 18-channel coarse-mesh 3D vessel model. Good agreement in terms of integral parameters and inter-loop mixing is observed.     

Solution of temperature fields in hydrodynamics bearings by the numerical network method

Solution to the 2-D steady-state nonlinear heat conduction equation, involving cylindrical coordinates, applied to a plain bearing by a simple and versatile numerical technique based on network method is presented in this work. These advantages of the technique are necessary for the status evaluation of industrial machines during operation because time and computing resources are limited. The pressure field in the fluid is previously solved from the Reynolds equation by finite element method. The main difficulty is associated with the exponential dependency of the viscosity on temperature. The proposed model is very efficient and requires negligible computing times. Solutions are very close to the experimental and numerical results of other researchers.     

Optimization of downhole pump setting depths in liquid-dominated geothermal systems: A case study on the Balcova-Narlidere field,Turkey

Downhole pumps are being used increasingly more often in low-enthalpy geothermal wells. The depth at which these pumps are installed depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of the geothermal fluid, the production flow rate, and the reservoir pressure and permeability. In this study we have investigated the factors affecting pump setting depths in low-temperature, liquid-dominated geothermal systems and defined the relationship between flow rate and pressure drawdown based on multi-rate test results. The methodology proposed was applied to the Balcova-Narlidere geothermal field, Turkey. It was found that the most important parameters for determining the capacity and setting depth of a downhole pump were flow performance, non-condensable gas concentration, and temperature. The implementation of the methodology is illustrated.     

Experimental data and approximate estimation for dissociation time of hydrate plugs

New experimental data coupled with a numerical model and an approximate solution are proposed to predict dissociation time of hydrate plugs in oil sub-sea pipelines. The experimental hydrate plugs are dissociated by the method of symmetric depressurisation, both in a specially designed apparatus and a classical batch reactor. The agreement between the estimation of the model and the experimental data and the simplicity of the approximate equation presents an advantage in estimating the time of hydrate plug dissociation in pipelines.