真空制盐蒸发结晶器的设计与实践

真空蒸发制盐外热式强制逆循环轴向出料蒸发结晶器，经多个厂家生产应用实践证明是成功的，具有生命力的。这种新型结构，作为一项新技术新设备应加强研究，总结提高，推广应用。不断完善。文章从流体力学、结晶机理角度要求，到具体工程设计参数和材质选用。论述了该罐的特点。     

Inorganic–organic hybrid materials with zirconium oxoclusters as protective coatings on aluminium alloys

Inorganic–organic hybrid materials are attracting a strong scientific interest mainly for their outstanding inherent mechanical and thermal properties, which can be traced back to the intimate coupling of both inorganic and organic components. By carefully choosing the experimental parameters used for their synthesis, chemically and thermally stable acrylate-based hybrid material embedding the zirconium oxocluster Zr₄O₄(OMc)₁₂, where OMcCH₂C(CH₃)C(O)O, can be deposited as UV-cured films on aluminium alloys.

In particular, the molar ratios between the oxocluster and the monomer, the polymerisation time, the amount of photo-initiator and the deposition conditions, by using an home-made spray-coating equipment, were optimised in order to obtain the best performing layers in terms of transparency and hardness to coat aluminium alloy (AA1050, AA6060 and AA2024) sheets. Furthermore, it was also evaluated whether the hybrid coatings behave as barrier to corrosion.

Several coated samples were prepared and characterised. Environmental scanning electronic microscopy (ESEM) and scratch test were used to investigate the morphology of the films and to evaluate their scratch resistance, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed in order to evaluate if the coatings actually protect the metallic substrate from corrosion.

In order to measure shear storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of the materials used for coatings, bulk samples were also obtained by UV-curing of the precursors solution. Dynamical mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) was performed in shear mode on cured disks of both the hybrid materials and pristine polymer for comparison. The values of T_g were read off as the temperatures of peak of loss modulus. The length and mass of all the samples were measured before and after the DMTA analysis, so that the shrinkage of the materials in that temperature range was exactly evaluated.     

Method to Characterize the Air Flow and Water Removal Characteristics During Vacuum Dewatering. Part II—Analysis and Characterization

This is part II of a study reported earlier on a method to characterize the air flow and water removal characteristics during vacuum dewatering. This article presents experimental data and analysis of results from the use of a cyclically actuated vacuum dewatering device for removing moisture from wetted porous materials such as paper with the intermittent application of vacuum and accompanying air flow though the material. Results presented include sheet moisture content as a function of residence time and hence water removal rate under a variety of process conditions. Also, experimental results on air flow through the wet porous structure and hence the role and importance of air flow during vacuum dewatering are presented. Vacuum dewatering process conditions include exit solids content between 11 and 20% solid under applied vacuum conditions of 13.5 to 67.7 kPa (4 to 20 in. Hg). Regression analysis indicated that the exit sheet moisture content exhibited a nonlinear relationship with residence time with exit solids reaching a plateau after a certain residence time. Final moisture content correlated linearly with the average overall flow rate of air through the paper sample and the basis weight of the material.     

Effect of Wall Surface Properties at Different Drying Kinetics on the Deposition Problem in Spray Drying

Current methods in alleviating the wall deposition problem in spray drying emphasize mainly controlling the stickiness of the drying particles and less attention is placed on the properties of the dryer wall. In this experimental study, the effect of wall surface properties on the deposition mechanism has been investigated. Properties considered in classifying different wall materials were surface energy, roughness, and dielectric properties. The model solution contained sucrose, representing low-molecular-weight sugars commonly encountered in spray drying of fruit and vegetable juices. The effect of wall properties on deposition was explored at different drying rates producing particles of different surface rigidity. Larger surface roughness produced higher deposition fluxes for particles with high impact velocity and moisture. Surface energy and surface roughness were found to have no significant effect for dry rigid particles at the middle and bottom elevation of the drying chamber. However, material with lower surface energy (Teflon) exhibited less deposition for rubbery particles at such elevations. Analysis shows that dielectric wall material (Teflon) tends to enhance deposition of dry particles because of attrition at the surface. Higher wall temperature was found to produce slightly more deposition. The results of this work give a general indication of the effect of wall material on the deposition problem and provide the fundamental understanding for further studies along this line. Proper selection of dryer wall material will provide potential alternatives for reducing the deposition problem.     

Synthesis of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Hybrid Molecular Imprinted Polymer for Ethofumesate Linked by Silane Coupling Agent

TiO₂ hybrid molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) for ethofumesate using methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer and silane coupling agent 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propylmethacrylate (KH570) as organic–inorganic connective bridge was synthesized via photo-excitation method. Hydrogen bond was proved to act between MAA and ethofumesate for pre- and post-polymerization binding properties as testified by UV spectrometric method. KH570 modified TiO₂ nanoparticles were prepared via sonochemical reaction, which can accelerate hydrolysis, increase collision chance for the reactive system and improve the dispersion of the nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), binding and the adsorption kinetics experiments as well as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed for characterization. The results indicated that the hybrid MIP revealed a larger surface area and more ordered imprinting cavities with improved thermal stability compared to organic-only MIP. Furthermore, faster adsorption kinetics and enhancive adsorption capacity were achieved, which made it promising in chemical sensor applications.     

MIP-CGP工艺专用催化剂CGP-1的开发与应用

阐述了生产汽油组分满足欧Ⅲ排放标准并多产丙烯的催化裂化工艺（简称MIP-CGP）专用催化剂（简称CGP-1）的研究开发与工业应用结果。CGP-1催化剂的基质具有良好的容炭性能，使活性组元受到良好保护，其优势作用在第二反应区得以充分发挥，具有更高的氢转移活性和强的汽油小分子烯烃裂化活性。中国石化九江分公司和镇海炼化公司的MIP-CGP工业试验标定结果表明，与常规FCC相比，采用CGP-1催化剂的MIP-CGP技术在生产烯烃体积分数小于18％的汽油组分的同时，丙烯产率达到8％以上。此外，汽油诱导期大幅提高，抗爆指数增加；总液体收率有所提高，干气产率下降，焦炭选择性良好。     

Effects of different kind of sesame materials on the physical properties of gomatofu (sesame tofu)

Gomatofu (sesame tofu) is one of the traditional Japanese healthy foods and is representative of all shojin (vegetarian) dishes. Gomatofu, one of the mixed gels consisting of kudzu (arrowroot) starch and sesame, possesses an extremely unusual textural characteristic which is soft, smooth, and springy. The textural properties are greatly influenced by preparation, ingredients and roasting conditions of sesame seeds. Hence there are many kinds of sesame materials which can be used to prepare gomatofu such as white, black, huskless or not and roasted or unroasted sesame materials, in this study, the effects of these materials on the physical properties of gomatofu were studied. The sample of Ra-W prepared with unroasted huskless sesame seed had the least hardness, but mouthfeel of this sample were the highest. The samples of Ro-B and Ro-W prepared with roasted husk (black and white) sesame seed were evaluated to have the best palatability because of their superior springiness. It was clarified that different kinds of sesame materials affected the forming of structure and physical properties of gomatofu, because the chemical components were different from varieties of sesame materials.     

农业管理措施对土壤有机碳动态变化的影响

土壤碳固定问题已成为陆地生态系统碳循环研究的热点问题。土壤碳固定是缓解温室效应加剧的有效方法之一。土壤有机碳含量变化受土地利用方式和耕作措施的强烈影响。将自然土壤转变为耕作土壤会导致土壤碳库的迅速下降,使土壤损失有机碳4.1-5.0×1013kg之间。采用新的农业措施会使碳损失量的60-70%重新被固定。这些措施有保护性耕作(少耕或免耕)、合理施用肥料、覆盖作物、应用深根且富含木质素的作物等。土壤除了固定有机碳外,干旱和半干旱地区土壤还具有固定无机碳的巨大潜力。文章还简要介绍了评价土壤有机碳的两种方法,并对今后的工作提出了几点建议。     

Spin Dependent Hopping in Ti Doped La0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3

A systematic investigation of the magnetic and transport properties of Ti doped La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 was reported. The Ti substitution for Mn ions results in a reduction in ferromagnetism and conductivity. The metal-insulator transition temperature is close to Curie temperature which decreases from 274 to 82 K as x increases from 0 to 0.17. The most important effect of Ti doping is to introduce spin clusters in the samples due to the distortion of local lattice and the inhomogeneous magnetic structure induced primarily by the random distribution of Mn ions. A maximum magnetoresistance ratio as large as 90% in 1 T at 122 K was obtained for the sample with x =0. 055, which is four times larger than that obtained for LCMO sample at 272 K. There is a remarkable field-history dependent MR in the cooling process for the doped samples while such phenomenon disappears in the warming run. The resistivity follows well the variable range hopping behavior in paramagnetic state. Both the size effect and spin dependent hopping of carriers between the spin clusters should be considered in this system.     

Electrochemical C-V Characteristics and Photoluminescence of a-C∶N Films

Amorphous carbon (a-C) films and amorphous carbon films incorporating with the nitrogen (a-C∶N) were deposited on silicon substrates in a radio-frequency driven plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition system, while the surface electrical properties of films were investigated by electrochemical capacitance-voltage measurements. It was examined the effect of the interface defects on the properties and deduced that the conducting type of a-C∶N films was n-type. Subsequently, a comparative studies of a-C and a-C∶N films were performed by photoluminescence spectra depending on the temperature. With the decrease of the temperature, the main band with peak energy of 2.48 eV in the a-C∶N films was more intense compared with the other three bands caused by amorphous C in the a-C films.