Adhesive wear behaviour of cast aluminium–silicon alloys: Overview

This paper describes the various technological aspects related to adhesive wear of cast aluminium–silicon (Al–Si) alloys. Number of hypothesis and theories proposed in the last two decades in order to explain the different phenomenon related with wear and friction, and influence of test parameters (such as load, sliding speed, counter-surface) and work material properties (like mechanical and metallurgical) on tribological behaviour of aluminium–silicon alloys have been presented and discussed.     

The microstructure and mechanical strength of Al-6061-T6 GMA welds obtained with the modified indirect electric arc joint

Plates of Al-6061-T6 with a thickness of 12.7 mm were welded with a non-heat treatable ER4043 electrode in four welding passes using the typical single V groove butt joint (at room temperature) and in one pass using the novel modified indirect electric arc (MIEA) joint (at 50, 100 and 150 °C). Microstructural characterization of the weld metal revealed that the MIEA joint design yielded microstructures in which columnar growth was restricted and a grain refining effect occurred without the addition of inoculants, even with preheating of the joints. The self-refining effect in the MIEA joint was discussed in terms of the cooling behavior and the large dilution of base material. Vickers microhardness profiles revealed that the high dilution rates obtained with the MIEA joint caused alloying of the weld pool with magnesium producing a weld metal composition sensible to heat treating due to the precipitation of Mg₂Si precipitates. The grain self-refining effect of the MIEA joint along with alloying of the weld metal were found to have a profound impact on the mechanical properties of the welded joints.     

Effect of welding procedure on wear behaviour of a modified martensitic tool steel hardfacing deposit

In the last years hardfacing became an issue of intense development related to wear resistant applications. Welding deposits can functionalize surfaces and reclaim components extending their service life. Tool steels are widely used in hardfacing deposits to provide improved wear properties. Nevertheless systematic studies of wear behaviour of new alloys deposited by hardfacing, under different service conditions are scarce. In this work the effects of shielding gas, heat input and post-weld heat treatment on the microstructural evolution and wear resistance of a modified AISI H13 martensitic tool steel deposited by semi-automatic gas shielded arc welding process using a tubular metal-cored wire, were studied. Four coupons were welded with different welding parameters. The shielding gases used were Ar–2% CO₂ and Ar–20% CO₂ mixtures and two levels of heat input were selected: 2 and 3 kJ/mm. The as welded and 550 °C–2 h post-weld heat treated conditions were considered. From these coupons, samples were extracted for testing metal–metal wear under condition of pure sliding with a load of 500 N. Chemical compositions were determined; microstructure and microhardness were assessed. It was found that content of retained austenite in the microstructure varied with the welding condition and that heat-treated samples showed secondary hardening, associated with precipitation phenomena. Nevertheless, as welded samples showed higher wear resistance than heat treated specimens. Under these test conditions post-weld heat treatment led to a reduction in wear resistance. The best wear behaviour was observed in samples welded with low heat input and under the lowest oxygen potential shielding gas used here, in the as welded condition. The intervening mechanism was mild oxidative. These results were explained in terms of the relative oxidation resistance stemming from different welding conditions.     

Drivers of non-revenue water: A cross-national analysis

Reducing water losses is seen as key to sustainable water management, but turns out to be challenging. This paper applies a panel data analysis with fixed effects to assess the major drivers of non-revenue water, some of which are under the control of utilities and some of which are not. The analysis finds that the most important drivers are population density per kilometer of network and type of distribution network, which are mostly resulting from urbanization patterns which are factors mostly out of the control of the utility. Yet, low opportunity costs of water losses and high repair costs of water losses have an important adverse effect on water loss reduction. We also found that the country environment in which the utility operates has an important impact on non-revenue water levels.     

20MnVBH钢CCT曲线的测定

用膨胀分析法测定了20MnVBH钢在1050℃和860℃连续冷却下的CCT曲线。并对转变后的试样进行了组织分析和硬度测定。结果发现:与马氏体区紧密相邻的宽阔的中间转变区域内存在粒状贝氏体组织;提高奥氏体化温度和加快冷却速度都有利于粒状贝氏体的形成。     

Al—Si—Cr—Mo合金蠕铁热物性的研究

采用正交设计法，对Ａｌ－Ｓｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｍｏ合金蠕铁的热物理性能进行了测试，并分别结合方差分析，对Ａｌ、Ｓｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｏ各项性能影响的显著性进行了判断．结果表明，Ａｌ－Ｓｉ－Ｃｒ－Ｍｏ蠕铁具有很好的抗氧化性、抗生长性和抗热疲劳性能，是一种较好的玻璃模具材料．     

以对称多束CBED图确定显微相的结构

本文采用对称多束会聚柬电子衍射图确定了一种尺度为数10nm至1μm的显微沉积相的晶体结构,指出会聚束衍射。尤其是对称多柬会聚束衍射图,是确定晶体材料中显微相结构的极其有用的方法。     

形状记忆合金研究的回顾与前瞻

回顾了与形状记忆效应有紧密联系的马氏体相变一百多年来的发展，介绍了在此基础上研制的各种形状记忆合金的优缺点、发展动向、应用和应用前景，详细论述了在９０年代国际上重点研究的铁基形状记忆合金的研究现状，指出了该研究的发展方向。     

锌——镉系中镉蒸气压的测定

用圆柱形坩埚测定蒸气压时,考虑到坩埚壁对蒸气分子的阻力,以及考虑到所有离开蒸发表面的蒸气分子不是全部都能凝结成凝聚态,而其中有一部分将重新返回到蒸发表面,考虑到上述这些因素后,经推算得到测定蒸气压的理论公式为:1/g=c/p(1/a-1)+c/p·1/k,公式表现为直线函数1/g=f(1/k),利用此式根据大量试验在高真空下测定蒸发速率值可以相当精确地计算蒸气压P. 本文利用上述原理得到了598.15°K——800.15°K温度范围内Zn—Cd系中镉的蒸气压,并且导出了Zn—Cd系中锌、镉活度系数与温度、浓度关系的数学模型.实验结果表明Zn—Cd系与拉乌尔呈现出不大的正偏差.     

Theory of Initial Microcavity Growth in a Liquid Metal Around a Gas - Releasing Particle. Part 2. Bubble Initiation Conditions and Growth Kinetics

A theory is presented that includes capillary, hydrodynamic, and diffusion aspects. The main attention is devoted to capillary and hydrodynamic effects. The hydrodynamic process (bubble growth) is governed by a nonlinear integrodifferential equation, whose coefficients are dependent on the surface tension, density, and viscosity of the liquid, and also on the difference between the pressure in the gas within the bubble and that in the surrounding liquid. The gas pressure in the bubble is dependent on the rate of gas release from the inclusion (source). An expression is derived for the bubble radius as a function of time. The theory can be useful for developing the technology of powder materials and foam metals.