用土力学的新概念解读和修正经典饱和土力学

论述了应该用有效应力的新概念代替经典有效应力原理。总应力压缩模量与渗流水等效压缩模量的曲线相似;有效应力压缩模量起加劲作用,而不是起决定性作用。土的压缩变形计算中应用有效应力原理是错误的。对于起始水力坡降,引入饱和粘性土的自由水压力衰减概念。在饱和粘性土中,自由水通道率折减不大,相对自由水压力通过一定厚度后衰减为零。所以,新概念土力学的算法接近我国规范:\"对粘性土宜按水土合算计算\"。还解读了地下室浮力折减、流沙陷阱等等。     

长距离油气管道外检测技术方法分析

文中分析了国内外常用的几种外检测技术的检测原理及适用范围,包括交流电流衰减法、交流电位梯度法、直流电位梯度法、密间隔电位法、皮尔逊检测法,并对检测方法的组合应用进行了举例说明.     

Effect of scandia content on the thermal shock behavior of SYSZ thermal sprayed barrier coatings

Nanostructured 4SYSZ (scandia (3.5 mol%) yttria (0.5 mol%) stabilized zirconia) and 5.5 SYSZ (5 mol% scandia and 0.5 mol% yttria) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were deposited on nickel-based superalloy using NiCrAlY as the bond coat by plasma spraying process. The thermal shock response of both as-sprayed TBCs was investigated at 1000 °C. Experimental results indicated that the nanostructured 5.5SYSZ TBCs have better thermal shock performance in contrast to 4SYSZ TBCs due to their higher tetragonal phase content and higher fracture toughness of this coating     

Conversion factors from counts to chemical ratios for the EURITRACK tagged neutron inspection system

The EURopean Illicit TRAfficking Countermeasures Kit (EURITRACK) uses 14 MeV neutrons produced by the ³H(d,n)⁴H fusion reaction to detect explosives and narcotics in cargo containers. Reactions induced by fast neutrons produce gamma rays, which are detected in coincidence with the associated alpha particle to determine the neutron direction. In addition, the neutron path length is obtained from a time-of-flight measurement, thus allowing the origin of the gamma rays inside the container to be determined. Information concerning the chemical composition of the target material is obtained from the analysis of the energy spectrum. The carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen relative count contributions must be converted to chemical proportions to distinguish illicit and benign organic materials. An extensive set of conversion factors based on Monte Carlo numerical simulations has been calculated, taking into account neutron slowing down and photon attenuation in the cargo materials. An experimental validation of the method is presented by comparing the measured chemical fractions of known materials, in the form of bare samples or hidden in a cargo container, to their real chemical composition. Examples of application to real cargo containers are also reported, as well as simulated data with explosives and illicit drugs.     

An accurate method to measure alpha-emitting natural radionuclides in atmospheric filters: Application in two NORM industries

In this work, an accurate method for the measurement of natural alpha-emitting radionuclides from aerosols collected in air filters is presented and discussed in detail. The knowledge of the levels of several natural alpha-emitting radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²³²Th, ²³⁰Th, ²²⁸Th, ²²⁶Ra and ²¹⁰Po) in atmospheric aerosols is essential not only for a better understanding of the several atmospheric processes and changes, but also for a proper evaluation of the potential doses, which can inadvertently be received by the population via inhalation.The proposed method takes into account the presence of intrinsic amounts of these radionuclides in the matrices of the quartz filters used, as well as the possible variation in the humidity of the filters throughout the collection process. In both cases, the corrections necessary in order to redress these levels have been evaluated and parameterized. Furthermore, a detailed study has been performed into the optimisation of the volume of air to be sampled in order to increase the accuracy in the determination of the radionuclides.The method as a whole has been applied for the determination of the activity concentrations of U- and Th-isotopes in aerosols collected at two NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) industries located in the southwest of Spain. Based on the levels found, a conservative estimation has been performed to yield the additional committed effective doses to which the workers are potentially susceptible due to inhalation of anthropogenic material present in the environment of these two NORM industries.     

ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION OF CHEMICAL SPECIES TO POLAR SNOW

Particles and gases can deposit from the atmosphere to polar snow by several mechanisms. Dry deposition can be considered to consist of three steps: aerodynamic transport from the free atmosphere to the viscous sublayer near the surface, boundary layer transport across the sublayer, and interactions with the surface. The particle dry deposition mass flux is dominated by the largest particles present in a size distribution. Wet deposition includes in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging, where the former refers to uptake of particles during nucleation of cloudwater as well as scavenging of particles and gases by existing droplets and ice crystals. Of all the wet deposition mechanisms, nucleation scavenging is often the most important mechanism for particles in the polar regions. Finally, incorporation of particles and gases into fog droplets and subsequent settling of the fog to the snow surface can be an important removal process in regions of frequent fog. For Summit, Greenland, the total deposition of MSA, SO₄^2-, Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ during May 24-July 13, 1993 was dominated by wet deposition: this mechanism accounted for an average of 62% of the total deposition for these species. Fog and dry deposition accounted for 21% and 17% of the total, respectively. These results suggest that all three mechanisms may need to be considered when estimating total deposition of certain chemical species to polar snow.     

Improving mathematical model of burden distribution and correcting chute angle to cope with fluctuation of stock line

Accurate evaluations of the burden distribution are of critical importance to stabilize the operation of blast furnace.The mathematical model and discrete element method(DEM)are two attractive methods for predicting burden distribution.Based on DEM,the initial velocities of the pellet,sinter,and coke were calculated,and the velocity attenuations of the above three particles between the burden and the chute were analyzed.The initial velocity and velocity attenuation were applied to a mathematical model for improving the accuracy.Additionally,based on the improved model,a scheme for rectifying the chute angles was proposed to address the fluctuation of the stock line and maintain a stable burden distri-bution.The validity of the scheme was confirmed via a stable burden distribution under different stock lines.The mathematical model has been successfully applied to evaluate the online burden distribution and cope with the fluctuation of the stock line.     

基于指数雨胞雨衰模型的微波链路雨强反演方法

为了提高微波链路雨强反演的准确性,基于指数雨胞雨衰模型提出了一种新的微波链路雨强反演方法,并利用瑞典哥德堡市21条微波链路和距链路2km范围内8个雨量站的实测数据,将指数雨胞雨衰模型与传统幂律模型和ITU-R P.530-16雨衰模型进行了雨强反演对比。结果表明:指数雨胞雨衰模型在雨强反演方面表现优异,决定系数和纳什效率系数均为0.78,平均绝对误差为0.39mm/h,均方根误差为0.68mm/h;与幂律模型相比,指数雨胞雨衰模型在准确度和稳定性方面有显著提升,与ITU-R P.530-16雨衰模型相比也有所改进,特别是在短链路和中小雨的雨强反演中表现出明显的优势,对于进一步提升微波链路雨强反演精度和改善降水监测效果具有重要价值。     

基于水量平衡原理和Budyko假设的强人类活动干扰下西辽河流域径流衰减归因分析

针对Budyko假设在强人类活动干扰流域应用的不足,将其与水量平衡原理相结合,量化降水、潜在蒸散发、下垫面和人类用耗水变化对西辽河及其3大支流(老哈河、西拉木伦河和乌力吉木仁河)流域实测径流衰减的贡献。结果表明:1956—2020年西辽河流域径流以0.17亿m³/a的速度显著衰减(p=0.005),并在1966年、1984年和2005年左右发生了3次突变,其间人类用耗水变化是西辽河流域径流衰减的主导因素,贡献率为77.4%,潜在蒸散发、下垫面和降水变化的贡献率分别为8.8%、7.9%、5.9%;1984—2020年,下垫面改变成为西辽河流域径流衰减的主导因素,贡献率为58.3%,其次是降水变化,贡献率为28.8%;1956—2020年各支流流域实测径流变化特征与主导因素差异较大,但整体以人类活动影响为绝对主导因素,贡献率在78.5%~91.7%之间。