Lifetime commissioning as a tool to achieve energy‐efficient solutions

Quality control of the complete energy system is necessary if energy‐efficient solutions are to be met. To perform good building operation and quality control of a given system, it is necessary to have information about building systems and assessment tools. The paper presents Norwegian lifetime commissioning (LTC) procedures that are enabling follow‐up of the building performance during the building lifetime by establishing a generic framework on building performance data. Further, three developed assessment tools are presented: inspection algorithm for ventilation system, mass balance inspection algorithm for consumer substation, and advanced method for improved measurement of heat pump performance based on data fusion technique. The LTC procedures were tested on two case buildings. The results showed that 20% of all the defined building performance data can be monitored by BEMS. Using the mass balance inspection algorithm, it was found that fault in mass balance prevented implantation of desired temperature control for floor heating system. For heat pump performance, measurement of differential water temperature can be very erroneous. Hence, use of compressor electrical signal can give more precise data on heat pump performance. Comparative analysis showed that detailed monitoring system helps tracking energy use and fault detection in operation. Yearly and hourly profiles of energy consumption with separated use and energy carriers are given in the paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An improved gray line profile method to inspect the warp–weft density of fabrics

Image processing has become a tremendous tool for various fields of applications as well as for textile manufacturing industry in recent years. Inspection of fabric density is one of the major issues for fabric manufacturers in textile industries. In this study, an image processing method comprising of linear and nonlinear techniques for automatic inspection of warp and weft yarn density of fabrics has been proposed. By avoiding common problems of linear filtering such as blurring and localization, anisotropic diffusion filtering has been applied as preprocessing operation to enhance the edge region/boundaries between adjacent yarns of the fabric images. We conjecture that given a skewed gray level image, the number of peaks in the gray line profile of the image is minimized if the image is rotated in such a way that the inter-spaces between yarns are aligned with the vertical axis. Gabor filter, an orientation-sensitive filter, is applied to the skewed image at that angle to boost the edges between inter-spaces. The number of warp and weft yarn density has been inspected by applying gray line profile method. Simulations have been done on a wide range of fabric image data set. The results have shown that nonlinear and steered filters made a contribution to the performance of the method. The number warp and weft yarn densities are determined with an accuracy rates above 90%.     

浅谈丹东至大连快铁选线中考虑的主要问题

丹大快速铁路在选线过程中,以沿线的经济、自然条件和工程特征为基点,结合现场调查,对线路的走向影响因素进行了分析.根据影响因素与铁路的相互关系,推荐了较为合理的设计方案,尊重当地的民风民俗,增强对文物的保护意识,注重国防安全,合理避让军事设施,促进地方经济发展,最终形成环保、经济、节约型的铁路设计方案.     

关于中国进出口SN0168-92标准中几个问题的探讨

中国进出口食品检验行业标准SN0168-92是我们检验出口食品细菌数的依据和规范。但也存在不完善的地方。本文就其对照、名称等值得改进的地方做了一些探讨。     

Short communication: Correlation of on-site inspection and laboratory milk testing results for Wisconsin grade A dairy farms in 2007 and 2008

This study examined whether regulatory on-site dairy farm inspection results correlated with reported laboratory somatic cell count (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), and β-lactam drug residue (DR) results for individual farms. Results were obtained for Wisconsin grade A dairy farms in 2007 and 2008 (>11,000 farms, >1.4 million data points). The proportion of farms failing an on-site inspection ranged from 12% for farms that had never failed an SCC test (>750,000 cells/mL), an SPC test (>100,000 cfu/mL), or a DR test (drug detected) to 55% for farms that had failed at least 1 of each type of test. Conditional probability analysis showed that the probability of a farm failing an on-site farm inspection was higher if the farm had failed a DR test and increased as the proportion of samples failing SCC or SPC or both increased. However, the statistical correlations were weak (R ≤ 0.22) between on-site farm inspection result (pass/fail) and numerical or logarithmic SCC or SPC or pass/fail DR result. The weak correlation may reflect temporal and methodological differences between on-site farm inspection and laboratory testing and may indicate that they provide different but useful indices of milk safety and quality. Alternatively, the results suggest that examination of a different frequency and focus for on-site farm inspection is warranted.     

Visual detection of blemishes in potatoes using minimalist boosted classifiers

This paper introduces novel methods for detecting blemishes in potatoes using machine vision. After segmentation of the potato from the background, a pixel-wise classifier is trained to detect blemishes using features extracted from the image. A very large set of candidate features, based on statistical information relating to the colour and texture of the region surrounding a given pixel, is first extracted. Then an adaptive boosting algorithm (AdaBoost) is used to automatically select the best features for discriminating between blemishes and non-blemishes. With this approach, different features can be selected for different potato varieties, while also handling the natural variation in fresh produce due to different seasons, lighting conditions, etc. The results show that the method is able to build “minimalist” classifiers that optimise detection performance at low computational cost. In experiments, blemish detectors were trained for both white and red potato varieties, achieving 89.6% and 89.5% accuracy, respectively.     

废旧纺织品循环经济的监督检验体系研究进展

废旧纺织品循环经济的监督检验体系的建立,有助于稳定废旧纺织品的再制造产品品质,规范市场秩序,提高大众可信度,具有重要意义。为此,在深入分析废旧纺织品法制体系现状的基础上,借鉴国外经验提出进一步完善体系的策略,对标准化体系进行补充;阐述了废旧纺织品的检验检测技术的最新研究成果,主要包括红外光谱技术在分拣过程的应用以及再生纤维的定性鉴别分析;介绍了基于校服、军服以及工服3类服装品类的行业自治。研究认为法制体系、标准化体系以及社会监督三者是有机整体,指出加速全民环保意识的提高是促进废旧纺织品循环经济发展,并实现远程云自动化生产的关键。     

入境航空食品相关产品检验检疫监管研究

入境航空食品相关产品作为与食品接触、对人体健康有影响的商品,在检验检疫监管工作中有不同于其他入境产品的特殊性。因此,需要研究对于这类商品检验检疫监管工作的新方法。针对入境航空食品相关产品检验检疫工作的特点,对该类产品的需求现状进行了研究,在总结国际航空餐具监管法规的基础上,结合我国入境航空食品相关产品的特点,建议从总体管理和具体监管两个层面对此类产品进行监管。     

静电复印纸用于喷墨打印的品质控制和工艺改善

针对静电复印纸喷墨打印要求,自做喷墨打印测试页,检测控制纸张喷墨打印品质。通过实验探讨其影响因素,并做相关工艺改善,指导生产现场实际应用,在保证静电复印品质的前提下提高纸张喷墨打印品质。     

木家具检验中色漆的鉴定

现有的国家标准规定家具有害物质包括甲醛和重金属,其中重金属检测范围仅限色漆在实际情况中,木家具油漆种类繁多,红绿黄蓝等颜色的色漆很容易鉴定,清漆也较容易区分,但是对于一些在色漆和清漆之间的家具油漆涂饰,如何准确地判定出色漆与清漆,现有标准方法不明确,实际操作主要依靠人员的经验知识,这就造成平时的检验工作无法统一,结果亦无法保证,很容易造成重金属超标的家具漏检,所以鉴定方法应具体量化,不应依靠个人的主观意识。我们从平时的工作中,发现了区别色漆与清漆的量化指标,经过研究发现,采用色差计,设定一个量值,如果油漆与基材数值差在该量值以内,即为清漆,无需检测重金属,否则就判定为色漆