燃油喷雾流场DPIV测速系统的开发

数字粒子图像测速技术(DPIV)是近年来发展起来并得到重视的流场测量新技术。本文开发了一套用于燃油喷雾流场研究的DPIV测速系统。该系统包括全透明玻璃容器、光导系统、X—Y坐标系统,和控制喷嘴、激光器、CCD相机动作时序的同步信号控制系统,从而能全过程拍摄燃油雾化全场。利用该系统所进行的柴油喷雾实验表明,喷雾与空气相互作用产生卷吸现象,在局部雾化区域形成涡流。     

Pd-Ru/C催化剂的制备及其甲酸氧化活性研究

利用微波辅助有机溶胶法成功制备了Pd3Ru/C纳米电催化剂。相比传统的高压有机溶胶法,该法大大降低了有机溶剂的使用量并缩减了反应时间,是一种环境友好和资源节约的新型方法。采用XRD,TEM,XPS和电化学测试等手段对其结构和电化学性能进行了表征和评价。XRD和TEM结果表明微波辅助制备的Pd3Ru/C催化剂其粒径只有约3.0 nm,分散性也较Pd/C得到显著改善;XPS谱图证实催化剂活性组分Pd和Ru的原子比约为3.13∶1,Pd和Ru两种元素间发生了相互作用。与同条件制备的Pd/C催化剂相比,Pd3Ru/C催化剂在电极上发生甲酸氧化反应的主要峰电位负移了约100 mV,峰电流密度增大了2/3左右,其甲酸电氧化活性得到明显提高。     

Oxygen Surface Exchange at Grain Boundaries of Oxide Ion Conductors

The role of grain boundaries on oxygen surface exchange in an oxide ion conductor is reported. Atomic‐scale characterization of the microstructure and chemical composition near the grain boundaries of gadolinia‐doped ceria (GDC) thin films show the segregation of dopants and oxygen vacancies along the grain boundaries using the energy dispersive spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM‐EDS). Kelvin probe microscopy is employed to verify the charge distribution near grain boundaries and shows that the grain boundary is positively charged, indicating a high concentration of oxygen vacancies. AC impedance spectroscopy on polycrystalline GDC membranes with thin interfacial layers with different grain boundary densities at the cathodes demonstrated that the cells with higher grain boundary density result in lower electrode impedance and higher exchange current density. These experimental evidences clearly show that grain boundaries on the surface provide preferential reaction sites for facilitated oxygen incorporation into the GDC electrolyte.     

Effect study of modulation of molecules of natural resin from black and Halepensis pinus in the removal of humidity from diesel fuel

One of the important stages in the preparation of fuel for the smooth progress of combustion is to remove humidity from it. Natural resin, a natural product from Pinus nigra and Pinus halepensis were used in order to remove water residues from petroleum fuels. The mass of resin (P. nigra and P. halepensis) was mixed with diesel fuel and the humidity eliminated, 38% and 69% of diesel fuel also. The proposed method can be used in a simple fuel cleaning process using a metal mesh vessel consisted of the natural resin of P. nigra sample.     

Combined effect of nanoporous diluent and steam on catalytic upgrading of fuel oil to olefins and fuels over USY catalyst

This paper explores the effect of incorporation of a nanoporous silica as diluent for a USY catalyst in the presence or absence of steam, as a cost-effective hydrogen donor and regenerative agent, in the fuel oil upgrading. We found that the incorporation of inert silica in the catalyst particles in the presence of steam could produce more than 40 wt% of olefinic products, mainly propylene, in the cracked products. With the elimination of steam, the olefins yield became less than a half (about 17 wt%) and the reaction tended towards higher liquid yields (74.8 wt%) including gasoline and diesel fuel.     

Azeotrope formation in gasoline–ethanol blends. Part 1 – Impact of nonionic on E10 distillation curve

Blending 10?vol% of ethanol into hydrocarbon base gasoline (HBG) increases significantly the vapour pressure of the blend (E10), and exhibits near-azeotrope behaviour that severely affects the shape of E10 distillation curve. The distillation curves of HBG and E10 fuel blend, were constructed using ASTM D86 distillation data, and the areas under each distillation curve, were calculated through the numerical trapezoid rule (NTR) and calculus definite integration (CDI) methods. Consequently, the area due to azeotrope formation (ADAF), was estimated. In this paper, we present the impact of small concentration of nonionic surfactant on the area under distillation curve (AUDC) of E10 fuel blend and the area due to azeotrope formation (ADAF). Also, the influences of the added surfactant on the volatility criteria of the investigated E10 fuel blend were discussed.     

储存条件对喷气燃料颜色安定性的影响

通过对不同储存条件下喷气燃料的颜色安定性进行考察，探讨了喷气燃料颜色变深的原因及反应途径。试验结果表明，喷气燃料在较低温度、无光储存条件下具有很好的颜色安定性；氧化反应是导致喷气燃料颜色变深的主要反应机理；静态热安定性试验条件下，喷气燃料的颜色随氧化时间呈相对稳定的加深趋势；氧化铝吸附脱除了喷气燃料中的一些原有氧化抑制剂，使喷气燃料在较高温度、有氧条件下易于发生氧化反应；铜在喷气燃料氧化变色反应过程中具有明显的催化作用。     

喷气燃料加氢装置兼顾生产国V柴油的运行分析

介绍了中国石化塔河炼化0.3 Mt/a 喷气燃料加氢装置以常一线为原料,间歇生产满足GB 6537—2006的3号喷气燃料和满足国Ⅳ或国Ⅴ排放标准的柴油产品的生产经验。柴油产品全面升级后,通过简单的工艺调整,可以实现生产喷气燃料及生产满足国Ⅴ排放标准柴油两种加工方案的切换。生产3号喷气燃料,生产满足国Ⅳ排放标准柴油,生产满足国Ⅴ排放标准柴油这三种加工方案下,反应器入口温度依次相差约20℃。通过比较不同加工方案的差异性及催化剂的失活速率,提出今后喷气燃料加氢装置催化剂长周期运行的建议。     

加氢裂化装置柴油回炼增产喷气燃料和石脑油

中海油惠州石化有限公司3.6 Mt/a加氢裂化装置柴油回炼增产喷气燃料和石脑油的工业应用结果表明,在不改变装置结构和催化剂的基础上,回炼少量柴油（4%）,转化率可达到75%,喷气燃料、石脑油目标产品收率提高3.29百分点,喷气燃料烟点略有提高,柴油十六烷值提高3.9个单位,产品质量合格,装置能耗略有增加,从856.21 MJ/t增加到859.72 MJ/t。     

Comparative study of maximum power point tracking techniques for hybrid renewable energy system

The power generation demand is increasing day-by-day throughout the world, therefore, the use of hybrid systems becomes a significant solution. The hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is used for delivering power in various regions in order to overcome intermittence of wind and solar resources. Because of increasing environmental problems, for example, greenhouse gas emission and energy cost have interested novel research into substitute methods in favour of electrical power generation. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control method is a vast deal of novel research used for enhancing the efficiency of HRES. The authors have revealed that the hybrid techniques i.e. Global MPPT, fuzzy-neuro systems, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Perturbed and Observe (P&O) + Adaptive Neural Network (ANN) etc. can provide best results as compared to other MPPT control methods. This paper offering a state of art review of MPPT control techniques for HRES.