Integration of geostationary FRP and polar-orbiter burned area datasets for an enhanced biomass burning inventory

Earth Observation (EO) sensors play an important role in quantifying biomass burning related fuel consumption and carbon emissions, and capturing their spatial and temporal dynamics. Typically, biomass burning emissions inventories are developed by exploiting either burned area (BA) or active fire (AF) measures of fire radiative energy (FRE). These approaches have both advantages and limitations. For example, methods based on burned area data typically require hard-to-obtain estimates of fuel load and combustion completeness, and the accuracy of the BA algorithm may deteriorate for small fires or those in densely forested terrain. Conversely, ‘raw’ FRE-based methods are typically low-biassed due to the non-detection of low intensity fires, and are also hindered by cloud cover. Here we develop a methodology integrating these two EO data types to deliver a high temporal resolution emissions inventory, maximising the benefit of each data type without requiring additional information. We focus on Africa, the most fire affected continent, and combine daily FRE observations provided by Meteosat Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) with BA measures delivered by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). For individual fires detected by both types of data, we estimate fuel consumption per unit area (FC_A: g·m^− 2) via the ratio of FRE-derived total fuel consumption (FC_T) to BA. These values are then extrapolated to fires that were mapped using the BA data but which remained undetected in the SEVIRI AF product, thus correcting for the ‘low spatial resolution bias’ inherent in geostationary AF datasets. Calculated daily continental scale FC_T for Africa varies between 0.3 and 20 Tg for the period February 2004-January 2005. We estimate annual continental FC_T to be 1418 Tg, far closer to the 2272 Tg provided by the widely used Global Fire Emissions Database (version 3; GFEDv3) than is obtained when using ‘raw’ FRE data alone. This synergistic approach has substantially narrowed the gap between GFEDv3 and FRE-derived emissions inventories, whilst the geostationary FRP observations offer the advantage that the daily emissions estimates can be distributed more accurately over the diurnal fire cycle if required for linking to atmospheric transport models.     

SMC、BMC用于制造汽车的沿革与灿烂前景

本文介绍了：1．SMC、BMC的优缺点及其汽车制品的种类，几国SMC市场简况；2．汽车制造业采用SMC、BMC的沿革及近况；3．轻质、高强SMC、BMC汽车零件的研制与实例；4．SMC制品的基准产量^[注]；5．SMC面临的挑战（[注]：SMC制品客观上存在着一个随时间推移而递增的基准产量，低于此基准其本低于同类钢零件，高于此基准时则高于钢零件；1986年和1996年的基准分别为7和15万件／年；目前北美半数以上的SMC公司的产量都低于10万件／年，由此可见SMC的潜力很大）。     

Seismic response of concrete gravity dam reinforced with FRP sheets on dam surface

This paper aims at exploring the effects of anti-seismic reinforcement with the fiber-reinforced polymer （FRP） material bonded to the dam surface in dam engineering. Time-history analysis was performed to simulate the seismic failure process of a gravity dam that was assumed to be reinforced at the locations of slope discontinuity at the downstream surface, part of the upstream face, and the dam heel. A damage model considering the influence of concrete heterogeneity was used to model the nonlinearity of concrete. A bond-slip model was applied to the interface between FRP and concrete, and the reinforcement mechanism was analyzed through the bond stress and the stress in FRP. The results of the crack pattern, displacement, and acceleration of the reinforced dam were compared with those of the original one. It is shown that FRP, as a reinforcement material, postpones the occurrence of cracks and slows the crack propagation, and that cracks emanating from the upstream surface and downstream surface are not connected, meaning that the reinforced dam can retain water-impounding function when subjected to the earthquake. Anti-seismic reinforcement with FRP is therefore beneficial to improving the seismic resistant capability of concrete dams.     

预应力FRP筋混凝土梁在低周反复荷载下的恢复力模型

作为一种新型建筑材料,FRP具有轻质、高强、耐腐蚀等优点,非常适合作为预应力筋材料.通过4根预应力FRP筋混凝土梁在低周反复荷载下的试验研究,根据预应力FRP筋混凝土梁在低周反复荷载下滞回曲线的特点,提出了适合于预应力FRP筋混凝土梁的弯矩-曲率恢复力模型,并与试验结果进行了比较,计算模型与试验结果吻合良好。     

Ductility of FRP plated flexural members

The design of reinforced concrete (RC) flexural members such as beams, slabs and columns is intrinsically based on the inherent ductility of the member. In reinforced concrete beams and slabs, ductility is generally achieved by using ‘under-reinforced’ sections and generally governed by the neutral axis depth parameter k_u which requires ultimate failure by concrete crushing at a specified strain ε_c. As the plates of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plated RC beams can fracture or debond before the concrete crushes at ε_c, the k_u approach is not directly applicable. Hence, new fundamental approaches and a deeper understanding of ductility are required which are the subjects of this paper.     

Effect of fiber orientation on the structural behavior of FRP wrapped concrete cylinders

In this study, 27 concrete cylinders with a diameter of 152.4 and a height of 304.8 mm were prepared. Among them, 18 cylinders were wrapped using two layers of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) with six fiber orientations; six cylinders were wrapped using four layers of FRP with fibers in axial or hoop direction only; the remaining three cylinders were used as control. The FRP used was E-glass fiber reinforced ultraviolet (UV) curing vinyl ester. Fifteen coupon specimens were prepared to experimentally determine the tensile strength of the FRP with fibers oriented at 0°, 45°, and 90° from the loading direction. Co-axial compression tests were conducted on the wrapped cylinders and control cylinders. The test results were compared with existing confinement models. It is found that the strength, ductility, and failure mode of FRP wrapped concrete cylinders depend on the fiber orientation and wall thickness. Fibers oriented at a certain angle in between the hoop direction and axial direction may result in strength lower than fibers along hoop or axial direction. A larger database is desired in order to refine the existing design-oriented confinement models.     

影响FRP筋与混凝土黏结性能的主要因素

目的阐述FRP筋混凝土的黏结机理。探讨影响FRP筋与混凝土黏结性能的主要因素．方法对84个FRP筋混凝土试件进行中心拉拔试验。总结和分析试验结果，对影响FRP筋与混凝土黏结性能的主要因素进行研究．结果剪切滞后使受拉FRP筋横截面中心与边缘的变形有一定差异，横截面的正应力非均匀分布，使得黏结强度随FRP筋直径的增大而降低．试件的黏结强度随埋深的增加而降低．对于混凝土强度等级大于C15的试件，混凝土强度对黏结强度的影响还难以定论．另外，FRP筋的表面形式和不同类型纤维组成也是影响其与混凝土黏结性能的重要因素．结论FRP筋直径、埋置深度、FRP筋表面形式和类型等均对FRP筋与混凝土之间的黏结性能有重要的影响，而混凝土强度的影响还难以确定，仍需要大量的试验进行验证．试验结果为深入了解FRP筋与混凝土的黏结性能提供了依据．     

钢筋混凝土结构增强纤维加固技术

纤维增强塑料(FRP)加强修补混凝土结构以其高强高效、防腐耐久、施工便捷、适用面广等多方面的优势,在工程中得到了广泛应用.用FRP进行加固后,构件的受力特点和破坏模式与普通钢筋混凝土构件的破坏形态有所不同,本文主要分析不同形式的钢筋混凝土受力构件采用FRP加固前后受力特点和破坏模式的区别,结论可供工程应用参考.     

Fracture Resistance of a Cracked Concrete Beam Post-strengthened with FRP Sheets

Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites have been increasingly used in rehabilitation and strengthening of concrete structures. Significant increases in stiffness and strength have been achieved by applying this technique. However, there is concern about the ductility or toughness performance of FRP/concrete hybrid structures, which is critical in the application of this technology. This paper presents a new theoretical method to predict the fracture resistance behaviour of FRP post-strengthened concrete flexural beams. No slip between the FRP and plain concrete matrix is assumed and Mode I fracture propagation is considered. The model is valid for a wide range of span-to-depth ratios and any crack length. The influence of the bridging stresses provided by the fracture process zone (FPZ) at the tip of a fictitious fracture is examined. The effect of various material and geometric parameters on the resistance curve and toughness of the hybrid structure is discussed, based on the numerical results from the developed theoretical formulae. The results provide a useful insight into the strengthening/toughening and the design of FRP sheet/concrete beam structures.     

Explicit local buckling analysis and design of fiber–reinforced plastic composite structural shapes

Pultruded fiber–reinforced plastic (FRP) composite structural shapes (beams and columns) are thin-walled open or closed sections consisting of assemblies of flat plates and commonly made of E-glass fiber and either polyester or vinylester resins. Due to high strength-to-stiffness ratio of composites and thin-walled sectional geometry of FRP shapes, buckling is the most likely mode of failure before material failure. In this paper, explicit analyses of local buckling of rectangular orthotropic composite plates with various unloaded edge boundary conditions (i.e., (1) rotationally restrained along both unloaded edges (RR), and (2) one rotationally restrained and the other free along the unloaded edges (RF)) and subjected to uniform in-plane axial action at simply-supported loaded edges are first presented. A variational formulation of the Ritz method is used to establish an eigenvalue problem, and explicit solutions of plate local buckling coefficients in term of the rotational restraint stiffness (k) are obtained. The two cases of rotationally restrained plates (i.e., the RR and RF plates) are further treated as discrete plates of closed and open sections, and by considering the effect of elastic restraints at the joint connections of flanges and webs, the local buckling of different FRP shapes under uniform axial compression is studied. The approximate expressions of the rotational restraint stiffness (k) for various common FRP sections are provided, and their application to sectional local buckling predictions is illustrated. The explicit local buckling formulas of rotationally restrained plates are validated with the exact transcendental solutions. The analytical predictions for local buckling of various FRP profiles based on the present discrete plate analysis and considering the elastic restraints of the flange–web connections are in excellent agreements with available experimental results and finite element eigenvalue analyses. A design guideline for local buckling prediction and related performance improvement is proposed. The present explicit formulation can be applied effectively to determine the local buckling capacities of composite plates with elastic restraints along the unloaded edges and can be further used to predict the local buckling strength of FRP shapes.