冷冲模具的失效形式及其对策分析

模具失效是影响其使用寿命和生产效益的重大技术问题。本文介绍了冷作模具失效的类型,分析了各种失效形式的特点和产生的原因与机理,提出了一些预防模具失效的工艺技术和管理措施,可供模具设计、使用时参考。     

金、铜丝球键合焊点的可靠性对比研究

金丝球焊是电子工业中应用最广泛的引线键合技术,但随着高密度封装的发展,铜丝球焊日益引起人们的关注。采用热压超声键合的方法,分别实现Au引线和Cu引线键合到Al-1%Si-0.5%Cu金属化焊盘。对焊点进行200℃老化实验的结果表明:铜丝球焊焊点的金属间化合物生长速率比金丝球焊焊点慢的多;铜丝球焊焊点具有比金丝球焊焊点更稳定的剪切断裂载荷,并且在一定的老化时间内铜丝球焊焊点表现出更好的力学性能;铜丝球焊焊点和金丝球焊焊点在老化后的失效模式不同。     

功能安全硬件FMECA仿真分析技术研究及实践

在对功能安全和可靠性要求比较高的系统中,比如航天航空和轨道交通系统以及工业安全仪表等领域,需要保证系统在故障发生时能够导向安全侧以保证安全,这就需要在系统设计阶段对存在的故障进行详尽的分析或测试。在进行故障分析的时候一般用的方法有FMECA和FTA等。本文主要针对轨道交通信号系统硬件FMECA分析方法,研究其应用技术标准条件和存在的不足,提出使用硬件电路建模仿真分析的方法,增强FMECA分析结果的可靠性。同时,根据相关安全技术标准增加分析的全面性,在项目中进行实践,证明可以有效提高系统的安全可靠性。     

Web集群服务器可用性的提高

以Web集群服务器的后端节点作为研究对象,通过减少后端节点的MTTR（Mean Timeto Repair）,来提高它们的可用性,从而提高整个集群服务器的可用性。首先,通过分析现有的故障恢复方案的不足,提出了新的改进方案,在新的方案中,采用了动态地检测和发送状态信息的策略。并引入了故障猜测状态,弥补了现有方案的不足。最后设计了一个试验环境,与现有的方案测试相比,使用改进的方案,MTTR（平均敞障修复时间）减少了63％,很好地提高了后端节点的可用性。     

下福电厂调速器故障分析与处理

本文分析了灯泡贯流式机组调速器远端甩负荷、孤网运行不稳定、机组孤网带厂用电运行、自动化元件故障等问题,提出了处理意见,采取了相应的防范措施,使问题得到了解决。     

PCB孔铜断裂失效分析探讨

针对PCB在SMT后出现的通孔开路问题,本文结合孔铜断裂失效案例,通过CT、金相切片、SEM及热分析等分析手段来进行论证,分析PCB孔铜断裂的失效机理,并给出了预防控制建议.     

Thermally driven failure of Nd:YVO4 amplifier crystals

We report on an unusual failure pattern resulting from thermally driven fracture of laser amplifier single crystals. The pattern led to some confusion with regard to the point of initiation due to the coalescence of hackle lines to a region within the fracture surface, rather than the more common divergence of hackle away from the origin. The pattern leads to new fracture terms: Hackle node - the coalescence of hackle marks to a point of prior compression. The feature is produced as a thermally-generated, centrally-located compressive region transforms to tension thereby drawing crack propagation and hackle to the compressive region, forming an internal terminus. Hackle terminus – a hackle node formed by final crack propagation within the component. As part of the analysis, the fracture toughness and slow crack growth constants of neodymium doped, yttrium ortho-vanadate (Nd:YVO₄) were measured. Nd:YVO₄ exhibits slow crack growth and is very brittle with a fracture toughness of only 0.48 MPa√m.     

Enhanced strength and ductility of superhard boron carbide through injecting electrons

Injected electrons and holes play an important role in the mechanical properties of semiconductors because of the charged states in dislocation core. However, many superhard ceramics exhibit very limited plasticity at room temperature because of strong covalent and ionic bonding. To illustrate the effects of injected carriers on the mechanical properties of superhard ceramics, we selected boron carbide (B₄C) as the prototype system and employed density functional theory (DFT) to examine the deformation and failure mechanism under neutral, injected-electron and injected-hole states. We find that both strength and ductility of B₄C can be enhanced by injecting electrons, which arises from the modified failure mechanism due to the distribution of excess electrons. In contrast, injecting holes into B₄C does not affect the failure mechanism, but causes increased strength and decreased ductility. Our study suggesting that injecting electrons is a promising way to tune mechanical properties of superhard ceramics.     

高压汽包炉水冷壁爆管原因分析

通过爆口试件的金相分析、垢样扫描电镜及能谱分析和X射线衍射分析,结合对实际运行状况的调查,确定水冷壁爆管损坏的原因是由于排污不畅和停用腐蚀导致的介质浓缩下的碱腐蚀。针对碱腐蚀的主要原因,提出了相应的处理措施。     

Advances in statistical mechanics of rock masses and its engineering applications

To efficiently link the continuum mechanics for rocks with the structural statistics of rock masses,a theoretical and methodological system called the statistical mechanics of rock masses(SMRM)was developed in the past three decades.In SMRM,equivalent continuum models of stressestrain relationship,strength and failure probability for jointed rock masses were established,which were based on the geometric probability models characterising the rock mass structure.This follows the statistical physics,the continuum mechanics,the fracture mechanics and the weakest link hypothesis.A general constitutive model and complete stressestrain models under compressive and shear conditions were also developed as the derivatives of the SMRM theory.An SMRM calculation system was then developed to provide fast and precise solutions for parameter estimations of rock masses,such as full-direction rock quality designation(RQD),elastic modulus,Coulomb compressive strength,rock mass quality rating,and Poisson’s ratio and shear strength.The constitutive equations involved in SMRM were integrated into a FLAC3D based numerical module to apply for engineering rock masses.It is also capable of analysing the complete deformation of rock masses and active reinforcement of engineering rock masses.Examples of engineering applications of SMRM were presented,including a rock mass at QBT hydropower station in northwestern China,a dam slope of Zongo II hydropower station in D.R.Congo,an open-pit mine in Dexing,China,an underground powerhouse of Jinping I hydropower station in southwestern China,and a typical circular tunnel in Lanzhou-Chongqing railway,China.These applications verified the reliability of the SMRM and demonstrated its applicability to broad engineering issues associated with jointed rock masses.