Interactions of white certificates with other policy instruments in Europe

In a tradable white certificate (TWC) scheme, each certificate issued represents a certain amount of energy saved. Used in conjunction with an energy-saving obligation on certain parties in the energy supply chain and with rules for trading, monitoring and verification established, an efficient market for energy savings in sectors not covered by the European Union (EU) Emissions Trading Scheme can be established. However, a plethora of other mechanisms are already in place to promote a more sustainable use of energy in Europe. This paper analyses the interactions (both potential and realised in existing schemes) between TWCs and other policy instruments including tradable green certificates, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, the European Union Energy Performance in Buildings Directive as well as taxes, subsidies and loans. Measures implemented through a TWC scheme that reduce the consumption of electricity can make targets under a tradable green certificate scheme easier to attain. Where a tradable green certificate scheme contains relative targets, the target should be increased to achieve the same absolute amount of renewable power. A TWC scheme can also reduce the number of allowances electricity generators will need to surrender under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. By reducing the available emission rights in the National Allocation Plans, this effect is possible to counteract.

面向弹道规划的网络化反导空间威胁建模研究

针对现有弹道规划中的威胁源建模方法不能有效地体现网络化反导体系的作战特点问题,采用网络化反导体系的效能指数来衡量某型超音速战术导弹在突防过程中面临的空间威胁程度.给出了网络化反导防御体系条件下,导弹的威胁指标体系,建立了基于综合指数法的威胁度计算模型.最后,对威胁度模型进行了实例计算,并根据计算结果生成了威胁态势图,从而验证了模型的有效性.     

Integration of process planning and scheduling—A modified genetic algorithm-based approach

Traditionally, process planning and scheduling for parts were carried out in a sequential way, where scheduling was done after process plans had been generated. Considering the fact that the two functions are usually complementary, it is necessary to integrate them more tightly so that performance of a manufacturing system can be improved greatly. In this paper, a new integration model and a modified genetic algorithm-based approach have been developed to facilitate the integration and optimization of the two functions. In the model, process planning and scheduling functions are carried out simultaneously. In order to improve the optimized performance of the modified genetic algorithm-based approach, more efficient genetic representations and operator schemes have been developed. Experimental studies have been conducted and the comparisons have been made between this approach and others to indicate the superiority and adaptability of this method. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is a promising and very effective method for the integration of process planning and scheduling.     

整合的建筑系统——常熟理工学院东湖校区化学实验楼设计

设计针对外在限制条件进行理性分析,对建筑系统进行统筹设计和优化组合从而确定基本的设计框架,并通过发挥创造性思维形成技术整合的亮点,营造了一个既尊重环境、又富于个性的校园建筑。     

Design of a thermally integrated bioethanol-fueled solid oxide fuel cell system integrated with a distillation column

Solid oxide fuel cell systems integrated with a distillation column (SOFC-DIS) have been investigated in this study. The MER (maximum energy recovery) network for SOFC-DIS system under the base conditions (C_EtOH = 25%, EtOH recovery = 80%, V = 0.7 V, fuel utilization = 80%, T_SOFC = 1200 K) yields Q_Cmin = 73.4 and Q_Hmin = 0 kW. To enhance the performance of SOFC-DIS, utilization of internal useful heat sources from within the system (e.g. condenser duty and hot water from the bottom of the distillation column) and a cathode recirculation have been considered in this study. The utilization of condenser duty for preheating the incoming bioethanol and cathode recirculation for SOFC-DIS system were chosen and implemented to the SOFC-DIS (CondBio-CathRec). Different MER designs were investigated. The obtained MER network of CondBio-CathRec configuration shows the lower minimum cold utility (Q_Cmin) of 55.9 kW and total cost index than that of the base case. A heat exchanger loop and utility path were also investigated. It was found that eliminate the high temperature distillate heat exchanger can lower the total cost index. The recommended network is that the hot effluent gas is heat exchanged with the anode heat exchanger, the external reformer, the air heat exchanger, the distillate heat exchanger and the reboiler, respectively. The corresponding performances of this design are 40.8%, 54.3%, 0.221 W cm⁻² for overall electrical efficiency, Combine Heat and Power (CHP) efficiency and power density, respectively. The effect of operating conditions on composite curves on the design of heat exchanger network was investigated. The obtained composite curves can be divided into two groups: the threshold case and the pinch case. It was found that the pinch case which T_SOFC = 1173 K yields higher total cost index than the CondBio-CathRec at the base conditions. It was also found that the pinch case can become a threshold case by adjusting split fraction or operating at lower fuel utilization. The total cost index of the threshold cases is lower than that of the pinch case. Moreover, it was found that some conditions can give lower total cost index than that of the CondBio-CathRec at the base conditions.     

乐平市城乡供水一体化的调查与思考

本文在调查研究的基础上,总结了江西省乐平市城乡供水一体化工程建设的主要做法、成效和特点,并提出了几点思考.     

基于数据库管理系统的电机设计集成系统软件开发

本文基于电机设计的基本原理 ,采用Access数据库管理技术、面向对象技术、SQL查询语言 ,利用VisualBasic 6.0为工具开发了基于数据库管理系统的电机设计集成系统软件。在实际使用中充分证明 ,该软件操作方便、运行良好、可维护性高 ,软件计算结果比较接近实验值。     

国产600MW汽轮机组轴系扭振设计专题的研究

根据国内对大机组轴系扭振的研究近况,对轴系扭振过程中的随机性、快关汽门与轴系扭力矩的相对关系进行了计算分析和定性研究,并首次在大机组轴系研究领域中提出电力系统动态行为过程中“机电一体化”的新概念。     

Optimizing Power Plant Thermal System Design Using "Process Energy Integration" Method

The paper presents a renovation of thermal system design of a power and heat cogeneration device by utilizing the "Process Energy Integration Method". The new alternative obtains prominent energy saving result.