用比过滤阻力评价纸浆滤水性能

介绍了用比过滤阻力评价纸浆滤水性能的方法,讨论了影响比过滤阻力的主要因素及影响机理,并对今后的发展方向提出了建议。     

The Role of Polysaccharide on the Filtration of Microbial Cells

The role of polysaccharide on the “dead-end” microfiltration of microbial cells is studied. Yeast and blue dextran are used as typical samples of microbial cells and polysaccharide, respectively. The filter cake becomes more compressible in the early periods of filtration and exhibits much higher filtration resistance when dextran molecules co-exist in the cake structure. A cake compression mechanism is proposed to explain the pressure effects on the cake structure and filtration resistance. For the two-component cakes, the dextran molecules deform easily even under a pressure as low as 30 kPa, while significant yeast deformation is observed when pressure is higher than 100 kPa. It is attributed to the depletion of most solid compressive pressures by deformed dextran molecules. The cake porosity data indicate that the cake compressibility is higher under low filtration pressure, and blue dextran plays a significant role on the cake structure and occupies a considerable volume in the cake. A resistance model is also derived for understanding the relationship between the average specific cake filtration resistance and filtration pressure. The cake filtration resistance is determined by the effective volume fraction of each component in cake and nearly the same as that of blue dextran under low pressure.     

A new procedure for determining specific filter cake resistance from filtration data

A new procedure has been developed for the determination of specific filter cake resistance from experimental filtration data. Unlike the conventional procedure which treats constant-pressure filtration data through the t/V vs. V plot and yields a single value of the average specific cake resistance (α_av) from a given experiment, this new procedure allows the establishment of the relationship of α_av vs. the cake compressive stress (p_s) over a range of p_s values. Results from the new procedures were compared with those obtained from the procedure based on the t/V vs. V plot as well as those from compression-permeability (C-P) measurements. Discussions on the possible improvement of the new procedure are also presented.     

Filtration of fine particles in atmospheric aerosol with electrospinning nanofibers and its size distribution

In this study,the size distribution of atmospheric aerosol in Beijing was monitored by the scanning mobility particle sizer spectrometer and the optical particle sizer.The size of particles in atmospheric aerosol was primarily distributed in the range of less than 1 m.It showed different changes with the mass concentrations of particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 m(PM2.5)for different sizes of fine particles.The amount of ultrafine particles(less than about 60 nm)decreased while the larger ones(60 nm)increased along with the mass concentration of PM2.5 in atmospheric aerosol.This was because of the formation of the secondary atmospheric aerosol.The polylactic acid(PLA)nanofibers were prepared for filtering the aerosol by electrospinning.PLA nanofiber mats were used as the middle layer to design the composite filter membranes.Atmospheric aerosol was used as dust source in the filtration test.The results showed that the filtration efficiency of the composite filter media increased along with the thickness of nanofiber mats,which was controlled by the collection time during electrospinning.Filtration efficiency can be improved obviously by compositing with a thin layer of nanofibers.     

混凝滤布过滤-缺氧滤池／生物滴滤工艺处理生活污水

为实现小城镇污水高效、节能、低耗处理,建立混凝滤布过滤-缺氧滤池／生物滴滤污水处理组合工艺．在优选实验装置及材料的基础上,探究各部分工艺最优运行参数. 在研究系统对常规污染物去除的同时,重点分析生物滤池启动过程对氨氮和总氮的去除能力．结果表明:当粉煤灰基混凝剂投加量为1 mL／L时,混凝-滤布过滤对COD_cr的去除率可达54％,对TP的去除率达81％,且具有工作周期长、耗能少等特点;生物滤池在水力负荷为15 L／d、硝化液回流比为150％时运行效果最好,可保证系统出水氨氮、COD_cr、TP、TN均达到GB18918—2002的一级A标准．     

基于分形理论的纤维材料微粒捕集器捕集效率模型

针对柴油机尾气微粒的分形特性,基于分形理论建立了纤维材料对尾气微粒的过滤效率数学模型,并证明了模型的正确性。应用该模型分析了纤维材料作为微粒捕集器过滤材料时的过滤机理、过滤效率和压降特性,研究了微粒分维数对过滤效率的影响。计算结果表明,柴油机尾气微粒的主要捕集机理为扩散和直接拦截,惯性机理的作用很小。纤维过滤材料对粒径为200～400nm的尾气微粒的捕集效率最低,为了提高这一尺寸范围微粒的过滤效率,应降低过滤流速、提高过滤温度以提高扩散机理的作用,并且减小过滤材料纤维直径、提高填充密度以提高直接拦截机理的作用。综合考虑材料捕集效率和压降,应尽量减小填充密度以降低压降,缩小材料纤维直径以提高捕集效率。     

浅析滤失性研究现状

压裂酸化是目前油气田增产的主要手段,而压裂液/酸液的滤失性是影响增产措施成败的一个重要参数。在国内外大量文献调研的基础上,系统地阐述各种滤失性的计算方法和数学模型,分析总结各种模型的适用性及其优缺点,并提出滤失性研究亟待解决的问题和以后的发展方向。     

裂缝性低渗透储层压裂技术研究

运用小型压降可以判断天然裂缝存在与否,以及天然裂缝的张开压力大小.裂缝性储层并不需要高导流能力的人工裂缝,沟通更多的储层区域和天然裂缝是保证油井压后高产稳产的关键.通过支撑剂优选、压裂液优化、施工工艺优化这三个方面的研究,来有效控制压裂液向天然裂缝的滤失,保证施工的成功率.     

Analysis of the Thermal Explosion in Systems Porous Reagent–Active Gas–Solid Product

The specific features of dynamics of the thermal explosion in systems porous reagent–active gas–solid product under conditions where the heattransfer and masstransfer regions are separated from the ambient medium are considered. In addition to the competition of heat release and heat removal, the process of initiation of exothermal chemical interaction in these systems under normal pressures depends significantly on conditions of filtration transport of the gaseous reagent. The induction and postinduction periods of the thermal explosion are studied. The theoretical analysis of thermalexplosion issues is supplemented by an experimental study of the process for the porous titanium–nitrogen–titanium nitride system.     

Filtration Combustion of an Energetic Material in a Cocurrent Flow of Its Combustion Products. Critical Combustion Conditions

The paper reports results of a numerical calculation using the threetemperature model developed previously by the authors. In addition to the temperature difference between the gas and the solid phase (skeleton), the model approximately takes into account the temperature distribution in skeleton elements. It is shown that quenching is possible (after burnout of part of the charge) with variation in a number of input parameters: the thermal conductivity of the charge, the ignition temperature, the weight of the igniter, the initial temperature, the porosity of the charge, and the local rate of its decomposition.