Distributions of Crystal Size from DSC Melting Traces for Polyethylenes

Melting curves, obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, are used to estimate crystal size distributions. The proposed theoretical analysis is applied to different types of polyethylene, including high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), metallocene catalyzed linear low‐density polyethylenes (m‐LLDPE), blends of m‐LLDPEs, and Ziegler‐Natta catalyzed LLDPEs (ZN‐LLDPE). Theoretical predictions are in agreement with experimental results. A generalized melting temperature equation successfully predicts the melting temperatures of all the LLDPEs, although it was initially proposed for homogeneous copolymers with excluded comonomers. A new definition of the heat of fusion for pure crystals is proposed. This heat of fusion can be calculated from the average crystal size or the crystal size number distribution.     

Properties of aqueous solutions for two binary mixed systems between two kinds of bile salts and nonionic surfactants

The micellar properties of aqueous binary mixed solutions for two systems consisting of sodium cholate (NaC)-octaoxyethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether (C₁₀E₈) and sodium glycocholate (NaGC)-C₁₀E₈ have been studied on the basis of surface tensions, polarity of the micelle interior and the mean aggregation number. Application of two theoretical treatments, based on regular solution and excess thermodynamic quantities for critical micellar concentration (CMC) data from surface tension curves of two mixed systems showed that the mole fraction of each bile salt in the mixed micelles near the CMC is lower than that of the corresponding prepared mole fraction in the mixed solution. The polarity of the interior suggested that the hydrophobicity of intramicelles increased with the increase of the mole fraction of bile salt in the mixed solution and that the mixed micelles become dramatically more hydrophobic at a mole fraction of 0.68 for NaGC−C₁₀E₈ system and 0.75 for NaC−C₁₀E₈ system, respectively. This implies that the micelles become richer in the bile salt molecules and the tendency appears strongly for NaGC−C₁₀E₈ system due to the strong cohesion between the conjugated glycines in the NaGC molecules. The decrease of aggregation number with the increase of the mole fraction of bile salts shows that the micelles approach those of the single system of each bile salt. This supports the previously mentioned facts.     

Laminar and turbulent mass transfer simulations in a parallel plate reactor

Laminar and turbulent mass transfer in a parallel plate reactor at high Schmidt number obtained from numerical simulation is compared with literature data. In a first step, the fluid flow is determined numerically in the reactor by solving the Navier–Stokes equations. For turbulent flow, a low Reynolds number k— model is used to calculate the turbulent viscosity. Using the obtained flow field and turbulent viscosity, the current density distribution is calculated for different flow velocities by solving the equations describing the transport of multiple ions due to diffusion, convection and migration. For the laminar case, a very good agreement with literature data is obtained. For turbulent flow, different numerical models for turbulent mass transfer are proposed in the literature. A detailed study of the behaviour close to the wall of these different turbulence models is presented, together with a comparison of the calculated results with literature correlations. This allows identification of the benefits and disadvantages of each of the turbulence models for the numerical calculation of mass transfer at high Schmidt numbers in a parallel plate reactor.     

Alkyd emulsions

Various aspects of alkyd emulsion technology have been investigated. The influence of alkyd oil length, acid value and hydroxyl number and type of surfactant used as emulsifier, on shear stability of alkyds emulsions have been studied. It was found that the acid value was the most important alkyd parameter, the stability increasing with increasing oil length. It is also shown that anionic surfactants give emulsions with small droplet sizes at lower concentrations than do nonionics. Polymerizable nonionic surfactants have been tested as emulsifiers and compared with conventional surfactants of the same hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB). It was found that surfactants capable of participating in the autoridative curing process give faster drying and improved film hardness compared with nonreactive surfactants. The distribution of driers between the alkyd phase and the water phase has been investigated. It was found that low pH and the use of hydrophilic anionic surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulphate, favour partitioning of cobalt into the aqueous phase which is unfavourable with respect to drying properties.     

基于方程式逆序数的软件水印算法*

针对方程式重排序等算法存在的程序运行速度、信息隐藏量等问题,提出基于方程式操作数系数排列逆序数的软件水印算法。重新排列那些可以相互交换的操作数,使各操作数的系数按照一定次序排列。通过排列的逆序数和二进制数的一一对应关系来隐藏水印。这一方法无须向程序中添加任何代码,并且能有效提高隐藏数据的效率,程序的规模和速度并不受影响。     

DTN中基于二分散发和等待路由的自适应拥塞控制策略

针对二分散发和等待路由中报文被转发的特点,提出节点首先通过应答交换机制丢弃已被递交到信宿节点的报文,来减少网络中冗余报文的传输;当节点缓存完全占用又需存储新报文时,执行拥塞检测和拥塞避免操作,遍历缓存,找到缓存中拷贝数最小的报文将其丢弃（若此报文正在被传输则丢弃拷贝数次小的报文）直至有足够的缓存空间存储新接收到的报文。通过大量仿真实验及相关数据的分析与比较,说明该拥塞策略能显著提高递交率,减小开销,并对拥塞状况有更好的自适应能力。     

R&D项目价值评估的灰色B-S模型

针对传统净现值法不能有效评估RD项目价值的缺点,探讨了RD项目价值评估的适用方法,建立了基于区间灰数的RD项目价值评估灰色B-S模型,通过实例说明了该模型的有效性,并与传统净现值法的评估结果进行比较.结果表明,实物期权方法在评估RD项目价值时具有优势,为RD项目投资决策提供了一条新思路.     

多目标灰色局势决策方法研究

在传统灰色局势决策的基础上,探讨了评价信息为区间灰数的情况,给出了多目标灰色局势决策问题确定目标权重的优化模型.首先考虑不同目标下各局势效果测度与正理想效果测度、负理想效果测度的偏差建立优化模型,获得各局势的理想目标权重;再从全局考虑建立二次规划模型,通过协调权向量获得灰色局势决策各目标的最佳综合权重向量.利用区间灰数可能度公式对每个事件的局势进行排序,获得最优局势,从而进一步完善了传统的灰色局势决策理论和分析方法.最后通过实例验证了该模型的有效性和可行性.     

模糊数直觉模糊集的距离

定义了一种新的模糊数直觉模糊集的距离,同时给出并证明了它的一个距离公式,并通过具体的例子进行了计算。最后将这个距离公式应用到一个实例中。该实例表明,在得不到精确数据的情况下,通过所定义的模糊数直觉模糊集的距离公式,进行模糊数估计和计算,可以对商品价格进行评估。     

不同分布φ^~混合序列的弱大数定理

通过利用矿混合序列的矩不等式推导出φ^~混合阵列行和的一个弱大数定理,并由φ^~混合阵列行和弱大数定理得出不同分布矿混合序列的一个弱大数定理。