雷达阵地选择方案的多层次灰评价

根据雷达兵部队阵地选择的基本要求,分析了影响雷达效能的制约因素,给出了阵地选择评价指标体系的结构模型,最后通过多层次灰度决策评价给出了雷达阵地选择的应用算例。     

DNA微阵列在食品营养与安全中的应用与展望

DNA微阵列是一种高通量基因检测和分析技术,主要概括介绍DNA微阵列在营养基因组学、食源性病原体检测、转基因食品和饮食补充剂安全性评价中的应用。     

冷却猪肉中气单胞菌暴露评估的不确定性和变异性

探讨冷却猪肉中气单胞菌暴露评估是否区分不确定性和变异性对结果的影响,并基于前期评估结果,对冷却猪肉中气单胞菌从销售到食用前阶段的增殖情况通过点估计和概率分布估计两种方法来实现。结果表明：点估计可能低估食用风险,概率分布考虑了输入量的各种可能性,推测结果更符合实际情况;同时,以符合正态分布的家庭贮藏温度为例修正参数设置,考虑全为不确定性,部分不确定性、部分变异性,全为变异性3 种可能情况,得到区分不确定性和变异性后的风险概率由不区分前的22.1%降为20.2%,全为变异性的概率仅为11.0%,从方法论角度探讨不同方法获得的风险差异,为后续定量风险评估提高精确性和可靠性提供理论参考。     

纺织品及服装的工业水足迹核算与评价

为在纺织工业中引入水足迹理论,加强纺织品及服装生产中的水资源管理,阐述了纺织品、服装的工业水足迹的概念,重点分析讨论了纺织品与服装工业水足迹核算和评价中的核算边界、核算方法、数据拆分原则和结果评价基准等关键问题。结合纺织品及服装生产加工工艺、耗水和产污排污特点认为：纺织品及服装工业水足迹的核算需明确时间边界和空间边界,并重点关注直接工业水足迹的核算;废水回用可有效减小工业蓝水足迹,初始工业灰水足迹能直观反映工业废水的水环境负荷;基于产量和产值的整体数据合理拆分可提高核算结果的准确度;工业水足迹的内部评价对减少单类产品的水耗和产污量更有指导意义。     

Zero Risk Does Not Exist: Lessons Learned from Microbial Risk Assessment Related to Use of Water and Safety of Fresh Produce

Risk assessments related to use of water and safety of fresh produce originate from both water and food microbiology studies. Although the set‐up and methodology of risk assessment in these 2 disciplines may differ, analysis of the current literature reveals some common outcomes. Most of these studies from the water perspective focus on enteric virus risks, largely because of their anticipated high concentrations in untreated wastewater and their resistance to common wastewater treatments. Risk assessment studies from the food perspective, instead, focus mainly on bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Few site‐specific data points were available for most of these microbial risk assessments, meaning that many assumptions were necessary, which are repeated in many studies. Specific parameters lacking hard data included rates of pathogen transfer from irrigation water to crops, pathogen penetration, and survival in or on food crops. Data on these factors have been investigated over the last decade and this should improve the reliability of future microbial risk estimates. However, the sheer number of different foodstuffs and pathogens, combined with water sources and irrigation practices, means that developing risk models that can span the breadth of fresh produce safety will be a considerable challenge. The new approach using microbial risk assessment is objective and evidence‐based and leads to more flexibility and enables more tailored risk management practices and guidelines. Drawbacks are, however, capacity and knowledge to perform the microbial risk assessment and the need for data and preferably data of the specific region.     

Bearing performance degradation assessment based on lifting wavelet packet decomposition and fuzzy c-means

Bearing performance degradation assessment is crucial to realize condition-based maintenance. In this paper, a new method for it is proposed based on lifting wavelet packet decomposition and fuzzy c-means. Feature vectors are composed of the node energies of lifting wavelet packet decomposition. Normal and final failure data are used as training samples to build assessment model utilizing fuzzy c-means, and the subjection of tested data to normal state is defined as the degradation indicator, which has intuitionistics explanation related to degradation degree. Results of its application to accelerated bearing life test show that this indicator can reflect effectively performance degradation of bearing. And after discussing the influence of outliers in training set, a robust strategy is proposed.     

我国典型建筑保温材料生产生命周期评价研究

运用生命周期评价方法,对我国3类典型建筑保温材料(聚苯板、岩棉板、硬泡聚氨酯板)功能单位(以单位质量kg计)生产生命周期过程中产生的资源、能源消耗和污染气体排放进行调研与分析,并计算获得3类保温材料生产生命周期不可再生资源消耗、能源消耗和温室效应影响.同时,为更好地比较不同保温材料之间的生命周期环境友好性差异,结合保温材料在不同区域的使用特性,将功能单位进一步扩展为“满足相同节能要求的单位面积(以m2计)产品生产”,并进行计算分析.结果显示,以“单位质量kg”计,岩棉板生产生命周期环境影响最小,硬泡聚氨酯板次之,聚苯板最大;而以“满足相同节能要求的单位面积m2”计,则聚苯板生产生命周期的环境影响最小,岩棉板最大.     

Performance assessment of water supply and wastewater systems

This paper addresses the issue of performance assessment in water and wastewater systems by reviewing two of the tools that are available to the companies operating in this field: systems of performance indicators and technical performance assessment through simulation. The paper focuses on a technical performance evaluation framework and its application to wastewater systems. The assessment is carried out through the application of utility functions to the network's elements, and the production of performance-oriented graphs that yield concise and informative views about the system's behaviour. Two case studies involving a combined sewer system and a separate domestic system are presented in order to illustrate the method.     

Categorizing food-related illness: Have we got it right?

Since the 1950s food safety hazards have been categorized simply as (micro) biological, chemical or physical hazards with no clear differentiation between those that cause acute and chronic harm. Indeed international risk assessment methods, including hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) use these criteria. However, the spectrum of food related illness continues to grow now encompassing food allergy and intolerance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, stroke, heart disease, cancer as well as food poisoning, foodborne illness and food contamination. Therefore over a half-century later is this the time to redefine the spectrum of what constitutes food related illness? This paper considers whether such “redefinition” of food related intoxicating and infectious agents would provide more targeted policy instruments and lead to better risk assessment and thus mitigation of such risk within the food supply chain.     

传统发酵食品臭鳜鱼中分离的苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis 29.118）的毒理学评价

参与臭鳜鱼特色风味物质形成的微生物菌群源自环境,该微生物菌群的安全性正引起消费者和社会的关注。苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis 29.118）是从臭鳜鱼发酵菌群中分离的一种主要微生物,但其毒性仍不清楚。通过急性经口毒性、遗传毒性实验、30?d喂养以及结肠显微观察评估其毒性。结果表明：小鼠口服半数致死量大于4?000?mg/kg mb,剂量2?000?mg/kg mb未引起急性毒性症状,苏云金芽孢杆菌29.118对小鼠没有明显的遗传毒性症状;30日粮后小鼠生长良好;7?项血清指标和3?项肝指标均无显著差异（P＞0.05）;结肠和肝脏组织没有表现出明显的病理症状。实验采用的苏云金芽孢杆菌29.118的剂量远高于现实存在的剂量,因此,菌株苏云金芽孢杆菌29.118在毒理学上是安全的。