Sex pheromone specificity as a reproductive isolating mechanism among the sibling speciesArchips argyrospilus andA. mortuanus and other sympatric tortricine moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

MaleArchips argyrospilus (Walker) were maximally attracted to a 60404200 admixture of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl, (E)-11-tetradecenyl, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl and dodecyl acetates. The identification of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, in addition to the other 3 components reported previously, is the first report of a 4-component pheromone system in moths.Archips mortuanus Kearfoot, a sibling species, was maximally attracted to a blend of the same components, but in a 90101 mix of the tetradecenyl acetates. Among a number of tortricine moths that co-occur on apples and other hosts in New York, British Columbia, and elsewhere, differences in diel rhythms of attraction and seasonal distribution are insufficient to maintain reproductive isolation. Although the attractant systems of these species often possess components in common, males are maximally attracted to a speciesspecific blend. In tortricine moths attraction specificity appears to be a paramount mechanism for species partitioning.     

Simple and economic syntheses of some (Z)-7- and (Z)-9-alkenyl acetates,and of (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-yl acetate,the sex pheromone of the European grapevine moth,using aleuritic acid as a common starting material

Short syntheses of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate, (Z)-7-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecen-1-yl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate from 7-hydroxyheptanal and 9-oxononanoic acid precursors obtained by oxidative cleavage of easily available aleuritic acid are reported. The key step in these syntheses is a stereoselective Wittig reaction between aldehyde and alkyl-phosphonium salt. Wittig-Horner type reaction of 7-hydroxyheptanal and diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate gave the ,-unsaturated nitrile derivative which after protection of the hydroxyl group was reduced to the corresponding aldehyde. Wittig reaction of the latter, followed by acetylation, completed the synthesis of (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-yl acetate, the sex pheromone of the European grapevine mothLobesia botrana Schiff.     

Potential for use of crushed waste calcined-clay brick as a supplementary cementitious material in Brazil

The Brazilian ceramic industry generates large amounts of calcined-clay waste. This paper examines the factors that influence its potential for use as a partial replacement of Portland cement. Superplasticized mortars of equal workability containing ground crushed waste calcined-clay brick (GCWCCB) in the proportions of 10, 20, 30 and 40% as a cement replacement were analyzed through mechanical tests, pore structure characterization and durability tests. The results indicated the optimal percentages of substitution lies between 10% to 20%. The potential reduction of CO₂ emissions could be as high as 10% of current Brazilian cement industry emissions if this approach were to be fully implemented, and it could be eligible for “Clean Development Mechanism” credits under Kyoto protocol.     

Adsorption and antibacterial effect of copper-exchanged montmorillonite on Escherichia coli K88

Calcium montmorillonite (Ca-MMT), sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) and acid-activated montmorillonite (AAM), and their Cu²⁺-exchanged montmorillonites (Cu-MMT), Cu*Ca-MMT, Cu*Na-MMT and Cu*AAM, were used to study the antibacterial activity on Escherichia coli K₈₈. AAM, Na-MMT and Ca-MMT showed some ability to reduce bacterial plate counts by 37.4%, 13.4% and 14.2%, respectively. Exchanging the montmorillonite with Cu²⁺ enhanced the antibacterial activity. The Cu*AAM, Cu*Na-MMT and Cu*Ca-MMT reduced the bacterial plate counts by 98.6%, 97.5% and 95.6%. Attempts were made to study the desorption of Cu²⁺ by washing with sterile physiological saline solution for 24 h. The washing solutions did not show a significant reduction of the bacterial counts, while the washed Cu-MMT retained their full antibacterial activity. Results from time-depending studies showed that the reduction of the bacterial counts by Cu-MMT increased during 24 h. The ranking of antibacterial activity of the three Cu-MMT was as Cu*AAM > Cu*Na-MMT > Cu*Ca-MMT. E. coli thrived optimally in a pH range from 5 to 7. Beyond this range, the bacterial counts decreased as the pH reduced the viability of the bacteria. The ranking of antibacterial activity of Cu-MMT was not affected by pH. The mechanism by which bacterial counts are reduced may involve the enhanced affinity of Cu-MMT for E. coli K₈₈ and the antibacterial activity of Cu²⁺.     

Use of a sex attractant and an inhibitor for monitoring winter moth and bruce spanworm populations

A single sex pherormone component was isolated from abdominal tip extracts of female Bruce spanworm.Operophtera bruceata (Hulst). This was identified as (Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene by capillary gas chromatography (GC), electroantennography, and mass spectrometry. In addition, hexane extracts of female abdominal tips from Bruce spanworm and the winter moth.O. brumata L., were analyzed by GC coupled to an electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD). The extracts ofO. bruceata andO. brumata females elicited only a single response, at the same retention time, from antennae of their conspecific and reciprocal males. In field tests conducted in Saskatchewan, traps baited with the synthetic tetraene captured Bruce spanworm males. In tests carried out on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, where the two species coexist, both Bruce spanworm and winter moth males were captured. The attractancy of lures containing the synthetic pheromone alone and in combination with several structurally related analogs was field tested at both locations. One of these, an isomer of the natural pheromone, (E,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-nonadecatetraene, inhibited the capture of Bruce spanworm males but had no effect upon the number of winter moth males which were taken. Thus, populations of these two very similar species can be distinguished by employing traps baited with pheromone ± the inhibitor. Coneorifice Hara traps were found useful for field trapping males of both species.Issued as NRCC No. 26107     

Intel SoC处理器的I~2C总线IP核设计与应用

Intel SoC处理器E6x5C系列产品,作为多芯片的封装芯片,具有出色的灵活性。本文基于该处理器,利用Altera新一代集成开发工具Qsys,描述了I2 C总线IP核的设计过程,给出了IP核的系统接口和各个子模块的设计方法,并进行仿真和验证,最后将该IP核应用于模拟视频解码芯片SAA7113的配置及初始化。     

Sex pheromone of the mullein bug,Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Heteroptera: Miridae)

The first known sex pheromone for the family Miridae is reported for the mullein bug,Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Heteroptera: Miridae). Extracts of and Porapak Q-trapped volatiles from females were attractive to males in field bioassays. Butyl butyrate and hexyl butyrate were the predominant compounds in the females' volatiles, but these compounds previously had been found to be inactive when released alone or in combination. Butyl butyrate in combination with an isolated trace chemical, (E)-crotyl butyrate (which was inactive alone), rivaled the attraction elicited by five live females. When synthetic butyl butyrate and (E)-crotyl butyrate in a 16: 1 ratio were released at 91 or 183 g/day, they comprised an effective attractant for male bugs.     

Perkin反应合成肉桂酸

以无水碳酸钾为催化荆，PEG-400为相转移催化剂，对苯二酚为阻聚剂．通过Perkin反应合成肉桂酸，研究了物料比、催化刺用量、PEG-400用量、对苯二酚用量、回流时间对产品产率的影响。最佳反应条件是n(苯甲醛)：n(乙酸酐)：n(碳酸钾)：n(PEG-400)：n(对苯二酚)=1：3：1．1：0．03：0．02．回流溢度180℃时．回流时间1．5h，肉桂酸产率呵达82.4％。     

Synthesis and densification of magnesium aluminate spinel: effect of MgO reactivity

Stoichiometric magnesium aluminate spinel was synthesized by reaction sintering of alumina with caustic and sintered magnesia. The volume expansion of 5–7% during MgAl₂O₄ formation was utilized to identify the starting temperature of spinel formation and densification by high temperature dilatometry. The magnesia reactivity was determined by measurement of crystallite size and specific surface area. Caustic magnesia and sintered magnesia behave differently vis-à-vis phase formation and densification of spinel. Densification of stoichiometric Mag-Al spinel was carried out between 1650 and 1750 °C. Attempts were made to correlate the MgO reactivity with microstructure and densification of spinel.