UASB处理低浓度城市污水的生产性研究

广东某城市污水处理厂采用UASB-好氧工艺处理低浓度城市污水，对UASB的实际处理效能进行了考察。结果表明，在试验的进水水质条件下，当UASB的水力停留时间为6h时，系统对COD和BOD5的平均去除率分别为50％和60％，对TP的去除率为15％～38％。当HRT由5．67h延长至10h时，出水VFA浓度会随之降低，而pH值则始终稳定在6．5～7．5，系统对COD和BOD5的去除率分别增加9％和19％，对溶解性COD和BOD5的去除率分别增加25％和24％。     

利用藻类生物膜技术处理生活污水研究

采用藻类生物膜工艺处理生活污水,着重考察了对氮、磷的去除效果。结果表明,在静态试验中,当光照度为3 500 lx时藻类生物膜工艺对氮、磷的去除效果明显,对总磷、TN、氨氮、COD的去除率分别达到了98.17%、88%、89%、93.61%。在24 d的动态连续流试验中,当水力停留时间为5 d时藻类生物膜装置处理效果稳定,其中出水TP平均浓度为0.42 mg/L,平均去除率达到了95.38%;出水TN和NH3-N平均浓度分别为4.22 mg/L和2.16 mg/L,平均去除率分别为83.93%和82.38%;出水COD平均浓度为38.34 mg/L,平均去除率达到了92.31%。出水TP、TN、氨氮和COD浓度均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918—2002）的一级A标准。     

Influence of Cu concentration on the biohydrogen production of continuous stirred tank reactor

In this paper, the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT, 16 h–4 h) on fermentative hydrogen production by mixed cultures was firstly investigated in a sucrose-fed anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at 35 °C and initial pH 8.79. After stable operations at HRT of 16–6 h, the bioreactor became unstable when the HRT was lowered to 4 h. The maximum hydrogen yield reached 3.28 mol H₂/mol-Sucrose at HRT 4 h. Supplementation of Cu²⁺ at HRT 4 h improved the operation stability through enhancement of substrate degradation efficiency. The effect of Cu²⁺ concentration ranging from 1.28 to 102.4 mg/L on fermentative hydrogen production was studied. The results showed that Cu²⁺ was able to enhance the hydrogen production yield with increasing Cu²⁺ concentration from 1.28 to 6.4 mg/L. The maximum hydrogen yield of 3.31 mol H₂/mol-Sucrose and the maximum hydrogen production rate of 14.44 L H₂/Day/L-Reactor were obtained at 6.4 mg/L Cu²⁺ and HRT 4 h Cu²⁺ at much higher concentration could inhibit the hydrogen production, but it could increase substrate degradation efficiency (12.8 and 25.6 mg/L Cu²⁺). The concentration of Cu²⁺ had effect on the distribution of soluble metabolite.     

水力停留时间对接触氧化处理高氨废水的影响

采用二级接触氧化工艺进行了高氨废水短程硝化模拟试验研究,研究了水力停留时间对NH3-N的去除率、碱度、短程硝化的影响,试验结果表明：采用二级接触氧化工艺,NH3-N为600 mg/L条件下的设计水力停留时间为12 h,及氨氮的容积负荷为1.10 kg/（m^3·d）左右。     

Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity

In most countries, sanitary landfilling is nowadays the most common way to eliminate municipal solid wastes (MSW). In spite of many advantages, generation of heavily polluted leachates, presenting significant variations in both volumetric flow and chemical composition, constitutes a major drawback. Year after year, the recognition of landfill leachate impact on environment has forced authorities to fix more and more stringent requirements for pollution control. This paper is a review of landfill leachate treatments. After the state of art, a discussion put in light an opportunity and some results of the treatment process performances are given. Advantages and drawbacks of the various treatments are discussed under the items: (a) leachate transfer, (b) biodegradation, (c) chemical and physical methods and (d) membrane processes. Several tables permit to review and summarize each treatment efficiency depending on operating conditions. Finally, considering the hardening of the standards of rejection, conventional landfill leachate treatment plants appear under-dimensioned or do not allow to reach the specifications required by the legislator. So that, new technologies or conventional ones improvements have been developed and tried to be financially attractive. Today, the use of membrane technologies, more especially reverse osmosis (RO), either as a main step in a landfill leachate treatment chain or as single post-treatment step has shown to be an indispensable means of achieving purification.     

HRT对丙酸去除效能的影响及丙酸氧化菌群的响应

为探究水力停留时间(HRT)对丙酸去除效能的影响及丙酸氧化菌群的响应,以丙酸为底物,升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)的运行为基础,研究HRT缩短对UASB系统丙酸去除的影响,并通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)指纹分析技术,分析丙酸氧化菌群随HRT缩短的演替规律.结果表明,在保持进水COD 2 000 mg·L-1不变,HRT由10 h经由8、6h缩短至4h的过程中,每次HRT的缩短都会造成UASB系统中丙酸的短期积累.但经过一段时间的连续运行之后,UASB均能重新达到稳定运行状态,并保持较高的丙酸去除率.在此过程中,UASB中厌氧活性污泥的比CODpro去除率由HRT 10 h时的1.2 kg/(kg·d)逐渐提高到4h时的1.7 kg/(kg· d).HRT的缩短使UASB系统中丙酸氧化菌群发生了明显的演替,以条带2～4为代表的丙酸氧化菌(Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans)随着HRT的缩短逐渐被强化,而条带5(S.sulfatireducens)逐渐减弱.丙酸氧化菌Pelotomaculum propionicicum(条带1和6)在整个运行过程中优势度保持相对稳定.HRT的缩短刺激了具有较高动力学特性的条带2～4(S.furnaroxidans)快速增殖,使其在活性污泥中的优势度不断提高,而该菌的强化使得UASB系统能够在有机负荷高达18 kg/(m3·d)条件下仍保持了94.1％的丙酸去除率.     

The Role of Hormonal Replacement Therapy in BRCA Mutated Patients: Lights and Shadows

Simple SummaryAdvances in molecular genetics have radically changed all aspects of cancer prevention, screening and treatment and, today, women who are suspected of being at risk of hereditary cancer should always undergo genetic counselling. Furthermore, today there is growing attention on the tumor suppressor genes BRCA 1 and BRCA2. In addition, there is growing attention on women who carry mutations of the tumor suppressor genes BRCA 1 and BRCA2 and undergo a prophylactic risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. This paper explores the pathobiology of BRCA1\2 cancer genes in a translational perspective, focusing on molecular aspects of hormonal therapy in early menopausal women as well as on the latest evidence-based guidelines for clinicians. Physicians should counsel motivated patients who ask for relief from early menopausal symptoms about the risks and benefits of hormonal therapy, as well as tailoring and appropriate treatment for selected patients. AbstractAll cancers develop as a result of mutations in genes. DNA damage induces genomic instability and subsequently increases susceptibility to tumorigenesis. Women who carry mutations of BRCA 1 and BRCA2 genes have an augmented risk of breast and ovarian cancer and a markedly augmented probability of dying because of cancer compared to the general population. As a result, international guidelines recommend that all BRCA1\2 mutation carriers be offered risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at an early age to reduce the risk of cancer and decrease the mortality rate of this high-risk population. NCCN guidelines recommend risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in pre-menopausal women, between 35–40 years in BRCA1 mutation carriers and between 40–45 years in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Unfortunately, the well-documented reduction of cancer risk is counterbalanced by early sterility and premature ovarian failure with an early onset of secondary menopausal syndromes such as neuromotor, cardiovascular, cognitive and urogenital deficiency. Hormonal replacement therapy significantly compensates for hormonal deprivation and counteracts menopausal syndrome morbidity and mortality; however, some data suggest a possible correlation between hormonal medications and cancer risk, especially in BRCA1\2 carriers who undergo long-term regimens. Conversely, short-term treatment before the age of natural menopause does not appear to increase the cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers without a personal history of breast cancer after prophylactic surgery. Few data are available on BRCA2 mutation carriers and more well-designed studies are needed. In conclusion, clinicians should propose short-term hormone replacement therapy to BRCA 1 carriers to counteract hormonal deprivation; personalized counselling should be offered to BRCA2 mutation carriers for a balance between the risks and benefits of the treatment.