Photolytic treatment of organic constituents and bacterial pathogens in secondary effluent of synthetic slaughterhouse wastewater

The reduction and degradation of total organic carbon (TOC) and bacteria from a secondary effluent of synthetic slaughterhouse wastewater using vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) processes and their combination (UV-C/VUV and VUV/UV-C) were investigated. The TOC removal rates under continuous mode operation ranged from 5.5 to 6.2%. In addition, the treatment with the UV-C/H₂O₂ and VUV/H₂O₂ processes under continuous mode operation doubled the TOC removal rates 10.8 and 12.2%, respectively. The optimum molar ratio of H₂O₂/TOC was found to be 2.5 and 1.5 for the UV-C and VUV processes, respectively. It was observed that all photochemical processes were able to totally inactivate different strains of bacteria with concentrations up to 10⁵ CFU/mL within 27.6 s. Finally, a kinetic model was developed to simulate the TOC degradation from a secondary effluent of synthetic slaughterhouse wastewater.     

ABR-MAP-MBR组合工艺处理高浓度养殖废水研究

针对养殖废水高悬浮物、高有机物及高氨氮的特点,采用厌氧折流板反应器/磷酸铵镁沉淀/兼氧-好氧膜生物反应器（ABR-MAP-MBR）组合新工艺对其进行中试处理研究,考察生物反应器的启动运行条件;考察水力停留时间（HRT）、水温和溶解氧（DO）等运行参数对养殖场废水各阶段处理效果的影响;考察MAP沉淀法对ABR厌氧出水的NH₄-N去除效果。结果表明：采用阶梯负荷启动策略,60 d完成ABR反应器的启动,厌氧环节在HRT为24 h、水温25～35℃时COD去除率达73.5%;磷酸铵镁沉淀过程中选择氯化镁、磷酸三钠作为沉淀剂,控制Mg²⁺∶NH₄⁺∶PO₄^3-摩尔比为1.2∶1∶0.95,pH为8.5～9.0条件下处理ABR厌氧出水,COD、NH₄-N和PO₄^3--P去除率分别为28.2%、85.4%和89.7%;通过对A/O-MBR反应器HRT和DO的条件优化,该单元的COD、SS、NH₄-N和TN等指标的去除率分别为82.0%、95.2%、72.4%和67.7%（HRT=16 h,O区DO≥3.0 mg·L^-1）。经过组合工艺的综合处理,系统出水各项主要指标（SS、COD、TN和TP等）达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》（GB 18596-2001）一级排放标准,表明该新工艺在规模化养殖场废水处理中具有良好的应用前景。     

厌氧段HRT对A2N工艺反硝化除磷脱氮效果的影响

为了考察厌氧段水力停留时间（HRT）对A2N工艺反硝化除磷脱氮效果的影响,采用连续流双污泥反硝化除磷脱氮装置以生活污水为处理对象,研究了厌氧段在不同HRT时系统的除磷脱氮效果,以及厌氧段不同HRT对系统处理过程的影响。结果表明,厌氧段是A2N工艺实现反硝化除磷脱氮的关键阶段。当厌氧段的HRT过长时,虽然溶解性PO4^3-的总释放量增加,但是后续的缺氧吸磷量和总氮的去除量并没有相应地增加。厌氧段的HRT时间过短,反硝化聚磷菌（DPB）在此对进水中易降解COD（CODRB）吸收不完全,导致后续缺氧吸磷量下降,同时影响了系统的除磷和脱氮效果。在处理实际生活污水水质时,厌氧段的HRT为2h即可满足除磷和脱氮要求。     

厌氧HRT对A/O除磷工艺的影响

为系统考察厌氧水力停留时间（AHRT）对生物除磷效果的影响,本文以实际生活污水作为进水,在实验室连续流厌氧／好氧（A／O）除磷系统稳定运行的基础上,统计了不同AHRT下系统除磷效果及胞内贮存物的变化。设计批式实验,考察了AHRT较长情况下生物增强除磷代谢过程,针对实验过程中出现的厌氧聚羟基链烷酸酯（PHAs）分解和厌氧糖原合成现象,提出聚磷不足情况下聚磷菌代谢的假想模式。最后根据实验结果指出A／O除磷工艺AHRT的确定应以PHAs的合成量最大作为控制目标。     

低碳高氮磷城市污水脱氮工艺研究

我国许多南方城市污水属于低碳高氮磷污水,COD一般在200mg／L左右。针对此类污水,研究了不同的充水比和反硝化时间对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明：充水比40％、每周期8h,其中缺氧4h（进水0．5h）、好氧1．5h、沉淀1h、排水0.5h、闲置1h时脱氮效率最高,总氮（TN）去除率可以达到60％以上,出水总氮满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB18918-2002）的一级A排放标准。     

ZnO薄膜对于CdTe太阳电池的影响*

通过直流磁控溅射法在ITO薄膜上沉积的ZnO薄膜可以作为CdTe太阳电池的高阻层。通过XRD,可见-红外可见光谱仪和四探针法分析了制备薄膜的结构,光学和电学性质。通过紫外光电子能谱和X射线光电子能谱深度刻蚀法分析了ITO/ZnO和ZnO/CdS薄膜的界面性质。结果表明：ZnO 作为高阻层有良好的光学和电学性质。ZnO 薄膜降低了ITO和CdS之间的势垒。 制备出来电池有ZnO（没有ZnO）的能量转换效率和量子效率是12.77% (8.9%) 和 >90% (79%)。 进一步,通过AMPS-1D模拟分析了ZnO薄膜厚度对于CdTe太阳电池的影响。     

草浆造纸中段废水处理的组合工艺研究

采用ABPb-生物接触氧化-混凝组合工艺处理草浆中段废水。试验结果表明：ABE适宜的停留时间为8h,适宜的容积负荷为2．5kgCOD／（m^3d）以下,COD去除率可达38．8％～41．6％;生物接触氧化池的适宜水力停留时间为10h,适宜的容积负荷为0．75～1．2kgCOD／（m^3·d）,适宜的气水比为20：1,COD去除率为62．7％～65．5％;混凝剂聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）最佳用量为0．5g／L。经组合工艺处理后,中段废水生物接触氧化处理效率有较大提高,系统COD去除率保持在91．3％～92．4％,出水COD基本达到DB57／336-2005的要求。     

Impact of Acetate in Reduction of Perchlorate by Mixed Microbial Culture under the Influence of Nitrate and Sulfate

The biological reduction of slow degradation contaminants such as perchlorate (ClO₄⁻) is considered to be a promising water treatment technology. The process is based on the ability of a specific mixed microbial culture to use perchlorate as an electron acceptor in the absence of oxygen. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of nitrate on perchlorate reduction, the kinetic parameters of the Monod equation and the optimal ratio of acetate to perchlorate for the perchlorate reducing bacterial consortium. The results of this study suggest that acclimated microbial cultures can be applied to treat wastewater containing high concentrations of perchlorate. Reactor experiments were carried out with different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) to determine the optimal operating conditions. A fixed optimal HRT and the effect of nitrate on perchlorate reduction were investigated with various concentrations of the electron donor. The results showed that perchlorate reduction occurred after nitrate removal. Moreover, the presence of sulfate in wastewater had no effect on the perchlorate reduction. However, it had little effect on biomass concentration in the presence of nitrate during exposure to a mixed microbial culture, considering the nitrate as the inhibitor of perchlorate reduction by reducing the degradation rate. The batch scale experiment results illustrated that for efficient operation of perchlorate reduction, the optimal acetate to perchlorate ratio of 1.4:1.0 would be enough. Moreover, these experiments found the following results: the kinetic parameters equivalent to Y = 0.281 mg biomass/mg perchlorate, K_s = 37.619 mg/L and q_max = 0.042 mg perchlorate/mg biomass/h. In addition, anoxic–aerobic experimental reactor results verify the optimal HRT of 6 h for continuous application. Furthermore, it also illustrated that using 600 mg/L of acetate as a carbon source is responsible for 100% of nitrate reduction with less than 50% of the perchlorate reduction, whereas at 1000 mg/L acetate, approximately 100% reduction was recorded.     

预处理-物化-生化联合工艺处理制革废水

制革废水是有色、有臭味、有毒性的高浓度有机废水,废水排放不连续、不均匀,水质差别很大。对西南某制革工厂废水采用预处理-物化-生化联合工艺处理。在进水CODcr为200～4000mg/L的条件下,经该工艺处理后出水CODcr在100mg/L以下,各项指标均达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准,出水水质良好。     

MBBR法处理城市污水去除污染物的特性研究

通过对小试规模的移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理南方热带亚热带地区城市生活污水的试验研究,探讨了水力停留时间、pH、填料填充率、冲击负荷对反应器处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,在NRT为6 h,进水COD为300mg·L-1,氨氮质量浓度为15 mg·L-1,填料体积填充率为30%,pH为7左右时,移动床生物膜反应器对COD、氨氮、TN的去除率分别为83.4%、80.1%、49.7%.