Laboratory silo type and inoculation effects on nutritional composition,fermentation, and bacterial and fungal communities of oat silage

The objectives were to evaluate (1) the use of 2 types of experimental silos (S) to characterize whole-crop oat (Avena sativa L.) silage with or without addition of an inoculant (I), and (2) the effect of inoculation on the microbial community structure of oats ensiled using only plastic bucket silos (BKT). From each of 6 sections in a field, oats were harvested, treated (INO) or not (CON) with inoculant, packed into 19-L BKT or vacuum bags (BG), and ensiled for 217 d. The inoculant added contained Lactobacillus buchneri and Pediococcus pentosaceus (4 × 10⁵ and 1 × 10⁵ cfu/g of fresh oats, respectively). The experimental design was a complete randomized design replicated 6 times. Treatment design was the factorial combination of 2 S × 2 I. Some differences existed between BG versus BKT at silo opening (217 d), including a decreased CP (7.73 vs. 7.04 ± 0.247% of DM) and ethanol (1.93 vs. 1.55 ± 0.155) and increased lactic acid (4.28 vs. 3.65 ± 0.241), respectively. Also, WSC and mold counts were reduced in BG versus BKT for CON (1.78 vs. 2.70 ± 0.162% of DM and 0.8 vs. 2.82 ± 0.409 log cfu/fresh g) but not for INO (～1.53 and 1.55), respectively. Application of INO increased DM recovery (96.1 vs. 92.9 ± 0.63%), aerobic stability (565 vs. 133 ± 29.2 h), acetic acid (2.38 vs. 1.22 ± 0.116% of DM), and reduced NDF (65.0 vs. 67.0 ± 0.57), ADF (36.7 vs. 38.1 ± 0.60), ethanol (0.63 vs. 2.85 ± 0.155), and yeast counts (1.10 vs. 4.13 ± 0.484 log cfu/fresh g) in INO versus CON, respectively. At d 0, no differences were found for S and I on the nutritional composition and background microbial counts. Leuconostocaceae (82.9 ± 4.27%) and Enterobacteriaceae (15.2 ± 3.52) were the predominant bacterial families and unidentified sequences were predominant for fungi. A higher relative abundance of the Davidiellaceae fungal family (34.3 vs. 19.6 ± 4.47) was observed in INO versus CON. At opening (217 d), INO had a lower relative abundance of Leuconostocaceae (42.3 vs. 95.8 ± 4.64) and higher Lactobacillaceae (57.4 vs. 3.9 ± 4.65) versus CON. Despite several differences were found between BKT and BG, both techniques can be comparable for characterizing effects of INO on the most basic measures used in silage evaluation. The use of inoculant improved oat silage quality partially by a shift in the bacterial community composition during ensiling, which mainly consisted of an increased relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and reduction of Leuconostocaceae relative to CON.     

鸡枞菌ITS区克隆、测序及其系统发育关系

采集鸡枞菌（Termitomyces）子实体,对其进行rDNA-ITS 区序列聚合酶链式反应扩增测序,利用MEGA5对rDNA-ITS不同区域作序列分析,并构建鸡枞菌转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）系统发育树。结果表明：在10 种鸡枞菌中,测序结果表明鸡枞菌rDNA-ITS区长度在527～661 bp。系统发育树表明,10 种鸡枞菌中,有8 种鸡枞菌各为一支,尖盾鸡枞菌与球盖白蚁伞聚为一支;待定种A1、E1、H1独为一支,可能为新种;B1、G1、D1可能为谷堆鸡枞菌;I1可能为根白蚁伞;ZZ1可能为粗柄鸡枞菌;待定种C1不能明确。结果证明,ITS1及ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2可用于鸡枞菌进行种间系统发育树的建立,但ITS1区构建的鸡枞菌种间系统发育树支持率最高,ITS2区可辅助进行某些待定种的鉴定。     

粗柄羊肚菌内生真菌多样性研究

分离了不同发生地粗柄羊肚菌的内生真菌,并采用常规形态学技术结合ITS序列分析进行了鉴定.结果表明内生真菌具有多样性:从3个发生地采集的羊肚菌子实体中,共分离出属于14个分类单元的16个内生真菌菌株,其中15个菌株为子囊菌或其无性型,仅1个菌株(高山被孢霉)属于接合菌门.毛壳菌为3个发生地共有的内生真菌,Lecanicillium fungicola var.aleophilum仅在四川绵阳和河南郑州采集的羊肚菌子实体中分离到,其他内生真菌均为发生地特异性种类.     

Development of a Novel PCR Primer to Differentiate and Identify Bacillus subtilis and Closely Related Species Isolated from Thai Fermented Foods

A novel PCR assay based on 16S-23S internal transcribed spacers (ITS) length polymorphism was developed for rapid differentiation and identification of the Bacillus subtilis group, especially B. subtilis, B. licheniformis and B. amyloliquefaciens, the most frequently isolated bacilli from fermented foods. A new group-specific conserved primer pair, CITS-F and CITS-R, was designed for specific amplification of the ITS region in B. subtilis and closely related species. The fingerprints of seven reference species, B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, B. atrophaeus, B. vallismortis and B. mojavensis using CITS-F and CITS-R primers showed the same four signature bands of 227, 400, 542 and 650 bp. They are different from those of other genera and species tested. Therefore, these four signature bands could be used to differentiate and identify the B. subtilis group. Moreover, the sequence of the 227 bp signature band could also be used to distinguish closely related species of the B. subtilis group used in this study. A novel PCR assay based on ITS length polymorphism pattern using CITS-F and CITS-R could be considered as a rapid and easy method for the primary differentiation of the B. subtilis group.     

Comparative study of the phenolics,antioxidant and metagenomic composition of novel soy whey-based beverages produced using three different water kefir microbiota

Water kefir microbiota was used to develop novel soy whey-based beverages that have antioxidant activity. In the present study, comparative phenolics, antioxidant and metagenomic composition of the soy whey beverages fermented using three different water kefir microbiota, named WKFS-A, WKFS-B and WKFS-C were investigated. WKFS-B beverage had the highest concentrations of isoflavone aglycones (208.73 ± 2.78 mg L⁻¹) and phenolic acids (132.33 ± 3.41 mg L⁻¹) compared with WKFS-A (193.88 ± 1.15 mg L⁻¹) and (91.73 ± 2.34 mg L⁻¹) and WKFS-C (160.63 ± 1.76 mg L⁻¹) and (97.13 ± 2.63 mg L⁻¹), respectively. The WKFS-B also showed higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power compared with WKFS-A and WKFS-C beverages. Microbial species diversity index analysis showed that a higher concentration of isoflavone aglycones, phenolic acids and increased antioxidant activity in the WKFS-B beverage correlates with the higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus genus. This study thus revealed that Lactobacillus dominated water kefir microbiota produces soy whey beverages with high phenolic acids, isoflavone aglycones and antioxidant activity.     

神农架地区酒曲驯养酵母的多样性与特性研究

神农架地区有着悠久的酿酒历史,酿酒酵母的生物多样性丰富。通过收集神农架及周边地区酿酒作坊的9种不同的酒曲,从中分离获得19株酵母菌,通过形态学观察,产子囊孢子情况及抗逆性能探究,并根据对其rDNA-ITS序列构建的系统发育树进行分析。结果表明,此19株驯养酵母菌可归为5个属,分别为Wickerhamomyces sp.,Pichia sp.,Saccharomyces sp.,Saccharomycopsis sp.和Candida sp.。从酒曲中分离出来的Wickerhamomyces sp.有8株,占菌种总数的42.1%,Saccharomyces sp.有6株,占总数的31.6%,均为优势菌株。     

基于高通量测序技术分析北京清香型大曲微生物多样性

利用高通量测序方法对北京某清香型酒厂大曲细菌16S rDNA V4区和真菌ITS1区进行测序分析其微生物多样性,并对大曲微生物在不同分类水平相对丰度进行统计。结果表明：大曲中在细菌操作分类单元(OTU)为47、真菌OTU为11,细菌种类较真菌种类丰富;细菌中优势菌是乳酸菌,包括乳杆菌属、片球菌属、乳球菌属、明串珠菌属四个属。同时也检测到醋杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属等;真菌中优势菌是假丝酵母属,此外还有曲霉属、毛霉属、威克汉姆酵母属等;对大曲物种Alpha多样性分析表明测序深度基本覆盖该酒曲中微生物种类;最后分析讨论了大曲优势微生物在白酒酿造中的功能。该研究对于指导白酒生产具有重要意义。     

高大平房仓稻谷粮层霉菌量与优势霉菌的差异性研究

采用传统培养法对湖南与湖北两省粮库中的稻谷进行研究,对高大平房仓粮仓上中下三层的稻谷霉菌量及优势霉菌进行研究。研究结果表明:湖南省储藏一年稻谷与新入库稻谷中层霉菌数分别为6.4×10~3 CFU/g、1.3×10~3 CFU/g,相比上、下层,中层最多;湖北省储藏一年稻谷下层霉菌数为1.4×10~4 CFU/g,相比上、中层,下层最多,湖北省新入库稻谷上层霉菌数为1.4×10~4 CFU/g,相比中、下层,上层最多。通过传统的菌落培养及菌丝、孢子观察,初步判断上中下三层的优势霉菌,并结合分子生物学的方法对其ITS序列进行分析,通过PCR扩增,将扩增出来的基因序列,在GenBank进行BLAST,最终鉴定优势菌株为黄曲霉、白曲霉、聚多曲霉、内生真菌、黑曲霉。     

桃果实贮藏期间病原真菌的ITS rDNA序列分析与鉴定

目的:对桃果实采后病原菌进行分离与鉴定.方法:采用转接法分离桃果实采后病原真菌,经形态学观察和核糖体rDNA ITS(Internal transcribed spacer)区序列分析,对相关病原菌进行分类鉴定.结果:从采后贮藏过程中发生病害的桃果实分离到2株病原菌,经鉴定分别为美澳型核果链核盘菌(Monilinia fructicola)和葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea).结论:通过对ITS rDNA序列的相关分析,对分离自采后贮藏果实中的病原真菌进行有效的分类鉴定.     

Chemical and DNA authentication of taste variants of Gynostemma pentaphyllum herbal tea

Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino (Gp) was once used as a sweetener in Japan and is now widely consumed as an herbal tea worldwide for lowering cholesterol levels. Two taste variants, bitter and sweet, of Gp exist in the commercial market, but they cannot be differentiated morphologically nor by existing chemical analytical methods. This has been creating a problem in quality control of Gp products. In the present study, using HPLC-DAD and HPLC–ESI-MS analysis, we found that the Gp saponins, not flavonoids, from the sweet and bitter variants have distinctly different profiles. In addition, the two variants share only 69.01% homology in the ribosomal ITS-1 region, suggesting a phylogenic gap between these two variants. The combinations of chemical profiling and phylogenic analysis clearly confirm, for the first time, the distinction between these two taste variants. This information has direct application in the authentication and quality assessment of the various Gynostemma tea products.